tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1227692890086119452024-03-10T20:22:29.086-07:00Mycenaean Atlas ProjectRobert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.comBlogger144125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-79501219252785874252024-03-04T13:27:00.000-08:002024-03-04T23:44:25.938-08:00Segment Ro of the Cyclopean Wall is located again<p><br /></p><p> <b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"> </span>The segment of the Cyclopean wall which was named 'Ro' by Broneer (Mycenaean Atlas Project: C7760) has been relocated by my colleague, Peter Barkevics. Its coordinates are 37.913475° N, 23.003006° E. It sits at an elevation of 27 m and is about 125 m. in a straight line on a bearing, from St, of ~273.1°. It sits on an open hillside about 20 m. above a large private home with a blue roof. Here is a picture of the s</span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">ituation.</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgshzl1sCRiQMYDcsAjPJgVO2T253HQMiDmlcQUCTiMvx9VpFl53QWuMFPEm-AKPKRIexfBOTJavFvVJDZYUlVjfAu4vq6weH6qMTJyvVZGRz4j9JajJUzb7EbSXxBe2hND3oR_rchT_79A-PluAqsM8QyZYzyEPXpkgvkOEeAqQxx5fAJz67npLMZRL8Hk/s1416/Hillside_with_Ro%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="824" data-original-width="1416" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgshzl1sCRiQMYDcsAjPJgVO2T253HQMiDmlcQUCTiMvx9VpFl53QWuMFPEm-AKPKRIexfBOTJavFvVJDZYUlVjfAu4vq6weH6qMTJyvVZGRz4j9JajJUzb7EbSXxBe2hND3oR_rchT_79A-PluAqsM8QyZYzyEPXpkgvkOEeAqQxx5fAJz67npLMZRL8Hk/w400-h233/Hillside_with_Ro%20copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Hillside with Ro. North at the top.<br />Google Earth Image.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Next is Barkevics' photograph of Ro looking directly east and downhill towards the house with the blue roof </span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"> (37.913466° N, 23.003295° E)</span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQz630ziMfynMFr1kuV4DlB5wA-ayXsQNoqWv3tEMCFlByIGrBq1mv0k9tiD03PKq8VL0hYt6nkcuIq1KyEIu806NGQ9FyhGREqfxf4pvh8Q325xAtiVQpTkJJtzu69PaQZ-sFGjebVkC-9R99h3xGkQoNS9WGE8R5kUhVfWoMkoSn5f-a3SpYNl0-zhtS/s4000/P3010427_MOD_small.jpg" style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQz630ziMfynMFr1kuV4DlB5wA-ayXsQNoqWv3tEMCFlByIGrBq1mv0k9tiD03PKq8VL0hYt6nkcuIq1KyEIu806NGQ9FyhGREqfxf4pvh8Q325xAtiVQpTkJJtzu69PaQZ-sFGjebVkC-9R99h3xGkQoNS9WGE8R5kUhVfWoMkoSn5f-a3SpYNl0-zhtS/w480-h640/P3010427_MOD_small.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Section Ro of the Cyclopean wall. <br />Facing E and downhill.<br />Peter Barkevics. All rights reserved.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">In this picture the view is directly E; the house with the blue roof is clearly seen. </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">On the left hand side can be seen the four projecting stones of Broneer's 'tower'. The other flanking stones are to the right. </span></b></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Compare this photograph to Broneer's drawing:</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHd2ULUOtsb9Hgw3cUqee-GdkGmos5KdasP-klHN-MDOS5zYLLckoePbPKB3svmqEtK4LnVqhjhkNRXNzCbPlczpQXDunb1zw4PmgAQ54TeJVUCbRG2dgfceQOmbwPnuitmyv3w9LlIESMnHX__xdDJxUqDxDmYuyByoyWYjSUck9ccG2XqTcRb45NsJA0/s693/BroneerRoDraw.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="693" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHd2ULUOtsb9Hgw3cUqee-GdkGmos5KdasP-klHN-MDOS5zYLLckoePbPKB3svmqEtK4LnVqhjhkNRXNzCbPlczpQXDunb1zw4PmgAQ54TeJVUCbRG2dgfceQOmbwPnuitmyv3w9LlIESMnHX__xdDJxUqDxDmYuyByoyWYjSUck9ccG2XqTcRb45NsJA0/w640-h298/BroneerRoDraw.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Drawing from Broneer [1966] 350, Fig. 2, no. 4.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><br /><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">In the next photo we see these stones from the other direction (looking west):</span></b></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><br /></b></div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLwTABEM3d5tE9Hqcli-tWUpzsI9X6Fbgb-nwwu_bBVTYXqpjxvLdllpmfmQ2YFocjGebdOi9ru_kqB5JBIZI3tvcjSVL60xD9wGZ21wgjpdltAfU1ccDFYoibhYVOQJ2yo-wKdiJN3SMv5gYoIvaeGq8pE-O_xUBQ3yQndxs2qufb_-1WQS32yNr-XNnr/s4000/P3010432_MOD_small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLwTABEM3d5tE9Hqcli-tWUpzsI9X6Fbgb-nwwu_bBVTYXqpjxvLdllpmfmQ2YFocjGebdOi9ru_kqB5JBIZI3tvcjSVL60xD9wGZ21wgjpdltAfU1ccDFYoibhYVOQJ2yo-wKdiJN3SMv5gYoIvaeGq8pE-O_xUBQ3yQndxs2qufb_-1WQS32yNr-XNnr/w480-h640/P3010432_MOD_small.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Section Ro of the Cyclopean wall. <br />Facing W and uphill.<br />Peter Barkevics. All rights reserved.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br />In this photograph the four projecting stones are now on the right. The large anchor stone visible in Broneer's drawing is at the lower left.</span></b><p></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"> That anchor stone is also clear in this next photo which looks at the east end of this segment while facing south. Here the two east-side projecting stones (the 'tower') are on the right and stretching out towards the viewer.</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj14qlJ_PinrJFLIUzX6U76K2JuGODAC1J-qqBbNxUMPu2f59UOaz6LyPZW0qvhACEN8iB8sn_vvUtiqEXtVWgtS9Z2QqDzYInJYrD9iY0x61zVIi0Ca2BoYCX36jYJDQWwyRZpXZRnan1L_JYdwdhDNMCQt99WFRWAciZsdrjv29eJMe9xRuJilpjGZ4bh/s4000/P3010433d_MOD_small.jpg" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj14qlJ_PinrJFLIUzX6U76K2JuGODAC1J-qqBbNxUMPu2f59UOaz6LyPZW0qvhACEN8iB8sn_vvUtiqEXtVWgtS9Z2QqDzYInJYrD9iY0x61zVIi0Ca2BoYCX36jYJDQWwyRZpXZRnan1L_JYdwdhDNMCQt99WFRWAciZsdrjv29eJMe9xRuJilpjGZ4bh/w640-h480/P3010433d_MOD_small.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">East end of section Ro of the Cyclopean Wall. <br />Viewer facing S.<br />Peter Barkevics. All rights reserved.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><div><br /></div><div><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Bibliography</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Broneer [1966] : Broneer, Oscar. ‘The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology’, <i><b>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</b></i> (35:4). 1966. Online here.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Broneer [1968] : Broneer, Oscar. 'The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth, Addendum', <b><i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i></b> (37:1), 25-35. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 1968.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><b style="color: darkred; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Gregory [1993] : Gregory, Timothy E., <i><b>Isthmia V. The Hexamilion and the Fortress</b></i>, American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Princeton, New Jersey. 1993. ISBN: 0-87661-935-9.</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Kardara [1971] : Kardara, Chrisoula. 'The Isthmian Wall; (A Retaining Wall for a Road)', <i><b>Athens Annals of Archaeology</b></i> (4:1), 85-89. 1971. Online here.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Morgan [1999] : Morgan, Catherine.<i> <b>Isthmia VIII; The Late Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Age Sanctuary</b>.</i> The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey. 1999.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: white;">Simpson and Hagel [2006]: Simpson, R. Hope and D.K. Hagel. </span><i><b>Mycenaean Fortifications, Highways, Dams and Canals</b></i><span style="background-color: white;">. SIMA vol. 133. Paul Åströms Förlag. Sävedalen, Sweden. 2006.</span></span></p><p><br /></p></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-88136766608154443392024-02-18T17:34:00.000-08:002024-02-19T11:07:52.115-08:00Photographs of section Pe of the Cyclopean Wall<p><span style="font-family: arial;"> I mentioned in <a href="https://mycenaeanatlasproject.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-segment-pe-c7761-of-cyclopean-wall.html">a previous post</a> that my associate, Mr. Peter Barkevics, has confirmed the location of segment Pe of the 'Cyclopean' wall near Isthmia in Greece. The position of this segment is 37.913457° N, 22.997472° E.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY8JBUAeQohVykX8F3Ev0AvZt1SkRRp5qoETxtVjQd2cxBonfYSrE4-4YcRz2E1byWF1G66PwRPahW5Iyr_WG-lG_yGO_oOkkpKqvfADSCVs-AFylw9faBJ2O0DBQLa3sF1CeW06de-pLbZwNIJFwldecrXw7bOE1-zXMjU0cWIwUpfeOfOIuJaWVda4ct/s1314/BlogPost1%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="762" data-original-width="1314" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY8JBUAeQohVykX8F3Ev0AvZt1SkRRp5qoETxtVjQd2cxBonfYSrE4-4YcRz2E1byWF1G66PwRPahW5Iyr_WG-lG_yGO_oOkkpKqvfADSCVs-AFylw9faBJ2O0DBQLa3sF1CeW06de-pLbZwNIJFwldecrXw7bOE1-zXMjU0cWIwUpfeOfOIuJaWVda4ct/w400-h233/BlogPost1%20copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 1. Area of the Isthmus. Blue way-mark <br />indicates section Pe of the 'Cyclopean' wall.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Zooming in:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2OU3pcwrohPOCh0YPjNzO4KJsEPL1vqOlGtlvsJqJoXbQvr8Oxy_bRtOTh9nJvoMQX7SmprOb5xbMVyY4hxDUd_yYJLBbW7MTOJywA2zDSknbNVfo0ljoHLHEE4DgF7Sm-_TnQ6jGN5P3RQr0M7_wWtX3R2Khw7JltRKdF-BsvRXOB8l-WVKMldzEfCUx/s1728/BlogPost2%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="924" data-original-width="1728" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2OU3pcwrohPOCh0YPjNzO4KJsEPL1vqOlGtlvsJqJoXbQvr8Oxy_bRtOTh9nJvoMQX7SmprOb5xbMVyY4hxDUd_yYJLBbW7MTOJywA2zDSknbNVfo0ljoHLHEE4DgF7Sm-_TnQ6jGN5P3RQr0M7_wWtX3R2Khw7JltRKdF-BsvRXOB8l-WVKMldzEfCUx/w400-h214/BlogPost2%20copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 2. Area of the 'Cyclopean' wall. Section Pe is in the center<br />at the blue way-mark.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Section Pe was reported by Oscar Broneer in 1966 [1] and he provided a drawing of it:[2]</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV_8CjQRD_l2uhy_K_yI36y9Bt7dHbNL7RLtsT8MV7-jFiQzd-Cn1wwN_BSOMB7h_t_mrMBXHwhfwu3pUcJ2MCnIQMwc5rktj0J4VUNN9GDQNpj3OQifPzuIP02EpoF0UbVAgtgK8xg9irtrQcBuVDZHSQhfcWCF4oMHpkReg1XX1DbD3qoiZhJrFGNLWw/s1340/BlogPost3%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="1340" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV_8CjQRD_l2uhy_K_yI36y9Bt7dHbNL7RLtsT8MV7-jFiQzd-Cn1wwN_BSOMB7h_t_mrMBXHwhfwu3pUcJ2MCnIQMwc5rktj0J4VUNN9GDQNpj3OQifPzuIP02EpoF0UbVAgtgK8xg9irtrQcBuVDZHSQhfcWCF4oMHpkReg1XX1DbD3qoiZhJrFGNLWw/w640-h116/BlogPost3%20copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 3. Broneer's drawing of section Pe of the 'Cyclopean' wall.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Overlaying the site re-established by </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Barkevics with Broneer's drawing gives this:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifC9-muKeueCXdYAzw-wRmCELaBHpsC9XDtKd0V6NdFXckq8w9Yvxn1kllTEKWwq3hXN57shl1W2NVrQjs9c2nUeXlsv_F7z5DTom7QWOozXlzwGNZw47OXPSEpi0ejczrbhH7E8F2kRPfRSEjfNGDLuCO_o4_25y5ZcIpWyKkF7sAs0mjTYwBffOyikeq/s1728/BlogPost4%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="1728" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifC9-muKeueCXdYAzw-wRmCELaBHpsC9XDtKd0V6NdFXckq8w9Yvxn1kllTEKWwq3hXN57shl1W2NVrQjs9c2nUeXlsv_F7z5DTom7QWOozXlzwGNZw47OXPSEpi0ejczrbhH7E8F2kRPfRSEjfNGDLuCO_o4_25y5ZcIpWyKkF7sAs0mjTYwBffOyikeq/w640-h244/BlogPost4%20copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 3a. Google Earth image overlaid with Broneer's sketch of Pe. Broneer [1966] 350, fig. 2, no. 3. Elevation of the wall at the way-mark is 60 m. a.s.l.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">This wall segment is about 6 m from the edge of the modern road.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Broneer described Pe like this: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>"One continuous stretch, Pe (Fig. 2,3; Pl. 81), in the property of Sotiris Peras, measures 45.50 m. in length. Only the outer, northern face is well preserved, in places to a height of two courses, but a few stones from the inner face show that the wall here had a thickness of 3.60-4.00 m. The stones are large, some measuring 1.50-1.75 m. in length and 0.75 m. in height. There are four towers, varying in width between 2.10 and 2.60 and projecting ca. 0.70 m. from the face of the wall. The distance from one tower to the next varies between 7.90 and 9.50 m. There was very little earth close to the wall, and the sherds found on the surface are mostly small pieces of undatable coarse fabrics. Two undecorated pieces might be Mycenaean."</span>[3]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Two previous photographs of Pe are known to me - one appeared in Broneer [1966] [4]. The other appeared in Morgan [1999]. [5] To these old and now outdated photographs Mr. Barkevics has added some fifty color photos which detail the segment stone by stone. At the bottom of this next figure we see Mr. Barkevics diagram notes of the positions where his pictures were taken and, above that, my own diagram that tries to match his photos to Broneer's drawing.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoCbuMi9YHLGrsfcWX-W0j-jLC_SFqXZc8IW45ifpYV4Ld-fjMfiKHk9nj7ZXAwHMYMkPxJUPReNPmz7XbDS8m1mE4ZmBaGkt3ALzQOC9BTT5vhw8GTS6AkBepNRwTe8EbOJx0YobCi91Jr1yZmXqyqpB38s_i8VKAjelwMed8cuPAOUk9eWW7TQ_xDJiZ/s1728/DiagramGuidePe%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="965" data-original-width="1728" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoCbuMi9YHLGrsfcWX-W0j-jLC_SFqXZc8IW45ifpYV4Ld-fjMfiKHk9nj7ZXAwHMYMkPxJUPReNPmz7XbDS8m1mE4ZmBaGkt3ALzQOC9BTT5vhw8GTS6AkBepNRwTe8EbOJx0YobCi91Jr1yZmXqyqpB38s_i8VKAjelwMed8cuPAOUk9eWW7TQ_xDJiZ/w640-h358/DiagramGuidePe%20copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 4. Upper drawing is Broneer [1966] 350, Fig. 2, no. 3.<br />Lower drawing is Google Earth overlaid with Barkevics' way markers.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Is this segment photographed by Barkevics the same as that shown in Broneer's photo? Yes. This next photo shows my labels for several of the stones in the Broneer photo:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdJuiSYT3T-xMHlT1idZapQ1BC-3BiZ3jbd_EAdkLJ8P7Riansbvmw3IZ6X3B10EOsvYoMJs7-2iaRBBHjl9mgWUXRl_VKKNtGzilLKMCO5fDvHsKR-fHnEa7UNfk0hIGZV-Fg_eIaS_Jo9zP9ulu49wuB4XigK23HESP2HyXE4czCUtNiOvMnLzsoC-m3/s793/BroneerLabelledStones%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="793" data-original-width="592" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdJuiSYT3T-xMHlT1idZapQ1BC-3BiZ3jbd_EAdkLJ8P7Riansbvmw3IZ6X3B10EOsvYoMJs7-2iaRBBHjl9mgWUXRl_VKKNtGzilLKMCO5fDvHsKR-fHnEa7UNfk0hIGZV-Fg_eIaS_Jo9zP9ulu49wuB4XigK23HESP2HyXE4czCUtNiOvMnLzsoC-m3/w299-h400/BroneerLabelledStones%20copy.jpg" width="299" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 5. Broneer [1966] Pl. 81.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">This next photo by Barkevics shows the same stones with corresponding labels:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzqqESduxUwR3ud94pZvQ8jJ1qxWL36QD2wxS3LtxGyRlM2El04UDfwm-IACZc7uvCz56X9kaKX2fa-tfwxPOsHzsnOdKyJ_7qk7F5aMGK2teshfxsT6xSaMUQ4ax0P7yHPXIkRneYWHvb6I_DtJLIZrcO9Ya5O1H9cwNkMqs9TWH878OakoTUvpDgGW5K/s4000/LabelledTower350%20copy_small%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzqqESduxUwR3ud94pZvQ8jJ1qxWL36QD2wxS3LtxGyRlM2El04UDfwm-IACZc7uvCz56X9kaKX2fa-tfwxPOsHzsnOdKyJ_7qk7F5aMGK2teshfxsT6xSaMUQ4ax0P7yHPXIkRneYWHvb6I_DtJLIZrcO9Ya5O1H9cwNkMqs9TWH878OakoTUvpDgGW5K/w400-h300/LabelledTower350%20copy_small%20copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 6. Tower 3 (from W). View is to S.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">I believe that stone beta has been moved and I may not have identified it correctly. Stone beta may actually be the next small stone (with the question mark) to the viewer's right. The other stones are clearly the same.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Following is a tour of the structure from the west to the east.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqI_zlMmY9hqpbcDlHQpL1scP9r1PMRpxiFLAveSN5FTwXFLU8YsEOiKChsV8Yi3N-ryljCkbGVJW-897HMjM-IZSzK1-0eVw1O0QgEf5UNY1MFQnKS2vrv5hLllm0pwNQocxHTHobppHvslI4IJEok_Rel8dz1PC6gMMlATXd7PpA2DNPJFG4iXCBf-3t/s4000/P2100325_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2600" data-original-width="4000" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqI_zlMmY9hqpbcDlHQpL1scP9r1PMRpxiFLAveSN5FTwXFLU8YsEOiKChsV8Yi3N-ryljCkbGVJW-897HMjM-IZSzK1-0eVw1O0QgEf5UNY1MFQnKS2vrv5hLllm0pwNQocxHTHobppHvslI4IJEok_Rel8dz1PC6gMMlATXd7PpA2DNPJFG4iXCBf-3t/w400-h260/P2100325_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 7. Photo 325. The first two stones of the N face on the west. <br />Viewer is looking S.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><span style="font-family: arial;">This photo shows the first two stones in the sequence, starting from the west. This is photo 325 and you can see its position by looking at the left side of fig. 4 in this post. Here are the same two stones again (note the mossy patch).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikJBmOL-cmDsvZsW9igjCFCds2_QIrjkMwSQnXUZa8lva3Qa0Vji1V3-6becNevBBoSO8pWdkSEhNmdW8ioxCi8c2lKLbxuWAZK9NY-3unDjnopt_fFhkoOXNLtwIeDL0_ltm_pzQJ0DIIQwtuMPGUvu-QCn0jYYCyXdHf7SgaDKJ-BIO4TuKp4hLxoTA9/s4000/P2100326_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikJBmOL-cmDsvZsW9igjCFCds2_QIrjkMwSQnXUZa8lva3Qa0Vji1V3-6becNevBBoSO8pWdkSEhNmdW8ioxCi8c2lKLbxuWAZK9NY-3unDjnopt_fFhkoOXNLtwIeDL0_ltm_pzQJ0DIIQwtuMPGUvu-QCn0jYYCyXdHf7SgaDKJ-BIO4TuKp4hLxoTA9/w300-h400/P2100326_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 8. Photo 326. West end of N face. View facing S. <br />The person is standing on the north edge of the modern road.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgChE_UPRVEFssVK5nK1CdNCL8-KXaXmFqcMYVUdzEz5rWR-GEwRo8OTSkh5FbV3ehgsWboSH3I7LtJAW4UcixRdI1x-nZi478h-h_6k3y43MmWTsubZLX57HstH_X4dgixfZQT6fw2opPmooOu3I93D1HXEbJE3_dsHRDayrmDsp_6Mi5uRv5KKkSyn-Jj/s4000/P2100327_MOD%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgChE_UPRVEFssVK5nK1CdNCL8-KXaXmFqcMYVUdzEz5rWR-GEwRo8OTSkh5FbV3ehgsWboSH3I7LtJAW4UcixRdI1x-nZi478h-h_6k3y43MmWTsubZLX57HstH_X4dgixfZQT6fw2opPmooOu3I93D1HXEbJE3_dsHRDayrmDsp_6Mi5uRv5KKkSyn-Jj/w300-h400/P2100327_MOD%20copy.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 9. Photo 327. First tower from the W</span>.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">This is the first (counting from the W) of the projections which Broneer identified as 'towers'. Their small size and the nature of the ground strongly suggest that they are buttresses. </span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The next photo shows the view from the N of this same 'tower'.</span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyngbuqE_Rt3d5aezoJncU6K_23v6yvRTV2ywntIH_aAyboMdnfxbFL_eQ_A9qSHp_g0kzzxtOHsydfi2jz-WoSBeDeu89KDCTSk1tO5n1jKKXCS9JphyphenhyphenjSqWqmpm8F4aWggjE_k8867vXs1-G5Mq1-kmMff490cNhd5VfrkFTx0NCNVJ_XvRSeJrE7ObY/s4000/P2100328_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyngbuqE_Rt3d5aezoJncU6K_23v6yvRTV2ywntIH_aAyboMdnfxbFL_eQ_A9qSHp_g0kzzxtOHsydfi2jz-WoSBeDeu89KDCTSk1tO5n1jKKXCS9JphyphenhyphenjSqWqmpm8F4aWggjE_k8867vXs1-G5Mq1-kmMff490cNhd5VfrkFTx0NCNVJ_XvRSeJrE7ObY/w400-h300/P2100328_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 10. Photo 328. Same tower from the N and looking S.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">The second 'tower' from the left is shown in the next photo:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifNiQO6YCDRZeOGxINhaFtKeD2g7y3EmILdCN2ojQWb_1ZmFCVoXKykRir31Fwd0XTCYR9RZpdf9UEUdvIIuLYWWxW9OFmhZRH-1DhUwefaG91i54VCsQdxynytDXwSS5UzaIlJFMdVSUWjpW1f6FR3lorEjgkl9qJLCyExLBNXnXRxl6WqAcwyl-JvYZb/s4000/P2100332_MOD%20copy%20(1)%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifNiQO6YCDRZeOGxINhaFtKeD2g7y3EmILdCN2ojQWb_1ZmFCVoXKykRir31Fwd0XTCYR9RZpdf9UEUdvIIuLYWWxW9OFmhZRH-1DhUwefaG91i54VCsQdxynytDXwSS5UzaIlJFMdVSUWjpW1f6FR3lorEjgkl9qJLCyExLBNXnXRxl6WqAcwyl-JvYZb/w400-h300/P2100332_MOD%20copy%20(1)%20small.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 11. Photo 332. Tower 2 (counting from the W).</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">... and another view of Tower 2:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo1bQRxlgXmhJiswzHNG8PJ1gkTZQKzVBKup-guvZOQpP1-o4Lfv8o9ppd1vA_epT-skmXO6yNLg9OOjmbXlRMcW4oh69m3RejOBrxO7B5gNvwdPueePszrw3FLCPBEAPPxo8oPy-vBb9EpPc0tBj7nAiQDXjTpTgcHWgovtNDxWwRcdXDgtRYX_6AvTeX/s4000/P2100333_MOD%20copy%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo1bQRxlgXmhJiswzHNG8PJ1gkTZQKzVBKup-guvZOQpP1-o4Lfv8o9ppd1vA_epT-skmXO6yNLg9OOjmbXlRMcW4oh69m3RejOBrxO7B5gNvwdPueePszrw3FLCPBEAPPxo8oPy-vBb9EpPc0tBj7nAiQDXjTpTgcHWgovtNDxWwRcdXDgtRYX_6AvTeX/w400-h300/P2100333_MOD%20copy%20(1).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 12. Photo 333. Tower 2 from a bit further back.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">The next photo gives another view of Tower 3 (already shown in Fig. 6):</span><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiinx32JOcz7L2PDwZyHQ70fcEXhbDdGCFnTOfQLAshMCMPU0vOVtVyAKTBRxaNXJJZnEUy94Wj1ZGM7m3a9h8jpoud9BO1QK-yc2jmbgMIiye64FbSFJKGaJgC6THe-My2UtLmkTqblzamDtzZYNw_iMfDPHSNZOAQjyK82OpI5aiiQDwujVydhq3Bb2MJ/s4000/P2100346_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiinx32JOcz7L2PDwZyHQ70fcEXhbDdGCFnTOfQLAshMCMPU0vOVtVyAKTBRxaNXJJZnEUy94Wj1ZGM7m3a9h8jpoud9BO1QK-yc2jmbgMIiye64FbSFJKGaJgC6THe-My2UtLmkTqblzamDtzZYNw_iMfDPHSNZOAQjyK82OpI5aiiQDwujVydhq3Bb2MJ/w400-h300/P2100346_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 13. Photo 346. Tower 3. The view is to SE. <br />Ten-euro note (127 x 67 mm) for scale.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">Another view of Tower 3:</span><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtPCS2ORBKXFmGutZX-IiZB5g4Er4YBZsch0AA4yOZh4B9DpnG6oPXlgTaCQW9N9DUxrHIoUydu3Wp8LG_bZ9ojTIRxRj0iV00nlTUchzbE2ltkecMpjLhZzi94xxZG3U3-c5Wk0pZVC6kyc0bgaP2fQPinXVgnshL2Ol6XCmMtKOmtFxly1nMzrOC-Pjv/s4000/P2100348_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtPCS2ORBKXFmGutZX-IiZB5g4Er4YBZsch0AA4yOZh4B9DpnG6oPXlgTaCQW9N9DUxrHIoUydu3Wp8LG_bZ9ojTIRxRj0iV00nlTUchzbE2ltkecMpjLhZzi94xxZG3U3-c5Wk0pZVC6kyc0bgaP2fQPinXVgnshL2Ol6XCmMtKOmtFxly1nMzrOC-Pjv/w400-h300/P2100348_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 14. Photo 348. Tower 3 from N. <br />View is directly S. Compare to Fig. 5.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-NsI_IU-T7xWd358LiTPuSrawl1ZdYbLM6IMj22xFHNbQo3LULjvI9dGHDW5P4hT49HJ5h0_6bBfqdskpS-6ptqOV2e7fgZnBsNxgumM6svR4GGJclIcV41saX7lRqOwtU-00jljFYWoT4LkMCdiJnHwSwOQGjnrPqPhz5sQsbc2rGNt-sYDzdn1t7SeE/s2848/P2100351_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2392" data-original-width="2848" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-NsI_IU-T7xWd358LiTPuSrawl1ZdYbLM6IMj22xFHNbQo3LULjvI9dGHDW5P4hT49HJ5h0_6bBfqdskpS-6ptqOV2e7fgZnBsNxgumM6svR4GGJclIcV41saX7lRqOwtU-00jljFYWoT4LkMCdiJnHwSwOQGjnrPqPhz5sQsbc2rGNt-sYDzdn1t7SeE/w400-h336/P2100351_MOD%20copy%20small.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 15. Photo 351. East end of Tower 3 (from W).</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigWHE82lDaFqw5hMkKZFXDX6lNqNImyo8hrgqYf7ltbzs5djM7yj6b6mvd-JxqSZVQyY2I9mTZhwOlZauy2uZqFljiBUZUHubxviL1rp_yzfWikCbfaLT_mN2kB5CzV9zgpezSEyMhr0n-Yg-x0q_sM8ImP59dbMf8mLScX5KwKHo077wi1-IJs48H2G3i/s4000/P2100357_MOD%20copy%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigWHE82lDaFqw5hMkKZFXDX6lNqNImyo8hrgqYf7ltbzs5djM7yj6b6mvd-JxqSZVQyY2I9mTZhwOlZauy2uZqFljiBUZUHubxviL1rp_yzfWikCbfaLT_mN2kB5CzV9zgpezSEyMhr0n-Yg-x0q_sM8ImP59dbMf8mLScX5KwKHo077wi1-IJs48H2G3i/w640-h480/P2100357_MOD%20copy%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 16. Photo 357. Tower 4 (counting from the W). View from the E.<br />Underbrush suppressed for clarity.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">It is difficult to escape the impression that section Pe is slowly being degraded by natural forces. Both erosion and the undergrowth (particularly pine trees) are going to dislodge more stones. The Archaeological Service might do a great deal of good by spending a day clearing brush around this very important monument.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">In future blog posts I will publish more of Barkevics photos and then try to say what we have learned about the Cyclopean wall.</span></p><p><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Footnotes</b></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">[1] Broneer [1966] 351.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">[2] Broneer [1966] 350, fig. 2, no. 3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">[3] </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Broneer [1966] 351</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">[4] Broneer [1966] Plate 81.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">[5] Morgan [1999] 443, fig. 8. Mislabelled 'Section Sp'. The correction is due to Simpson and Hagel [2006] 130, fn. 103.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Bibliography</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Broneer [1966] : Broneer, Oscar. ‘The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology’, <i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i> (35:4). 1966. Online here.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Broneer [1968] : Broneer, Oscar. 'The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth, Addendum', <i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i> (37:1), 25-35. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 1968.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Kardara [1971] : Kardara, Chrisoula. 'The Isthmian Wall; (A Retaining Wall for a Road)', <i>Athens Annals of Archaeology</i> (4:1), 85-89. 1971. Online here.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Morgan [1999] : Morgan, Catherine.<i> Isthmia VIII; The Late Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Age Sanctuary.</i> The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey. 1999.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: white;">Simpson and Hagel [2006]: Simpson, R. Hope and D.K. Hagel. </span><i>Mycenaean Fortifications, Highways, Dams and Canals</i><span style="background-color: white;">. SIMA vol. 133. Paul Åströms Förlag. Sävedalen, Sweden. 2006.</span></span></p><p><br /></p></div></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-28811640338589570762024-02-16T12:58:00.000-08:002024-02-17T07:12:18.141-08:00Section St of the 'Cyclopean' Wall is found<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> <span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">Peter <span style="font-size: 18px; white-space-collapse: collapse;">Barkevics</span>, has re-established the location of segment St of the 'Cyclopean Wall'. [1] It is</span><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"> at </span> 37.913404° N, 23.004431° W<span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">. </span><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Formerly this was on an olive grove owned by the Statiris family.[2] After being described by Broneer et al, some years ago, it was acquired by its present owners. The wall is positioned in the front yard of a bed and breakfast. Some stones appear to be occluded by building in the back of the property. This section of the wall is 237 meters from segment Sk on a bearing, from Sk, of 282.79</span>°.</span></p><p></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-831c3d34-7fff-735b-7054-48c0a7ec57ac"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The owner allowed Pete to photograph freely but would only allow two reduced-size images to be reproduced on this blog.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Libre Franklin"; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQmVmdHKy5bXM74pyQql9Jiw0IPLkV3B3o4KN0oXYel0sVtqF5iXTa0ZXQPkaJCnDo21G_Z48y-wQebunSqJtqZPIsr-JDW7ceEEO4T_RucvmV1pKzyAAmjG8vh8uLcTVwO1solPoDTs0owIhQHmF2sAgG1Eu_-ndr0ndCmYxcQ42BQDi56o06HF4rMal/s1000/WallSegment-St-02.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="750" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQmVmdHKy5bXM74pyQql9Jiw0IPLkV3B3o4KN0oXYel0sVtqF5iXTa0ZXQPkaJCnDo21G_Z48y-wQebunSqJtqZPIsr-JDW7ceEEO4T_RucvmV1pKzyAAmjG8vh8uLcTVwO1solPoDTs0owIhQHmF2sAgG1Eu_-ndr0ndCmYxcQ42BQDi56o06HF4rMal/w480-h640/WallSegment-St-02.jpg" width="480" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Libre Franklin"; text-align: center;"><span>North face of St looking W</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Libre Franklin"; text-align: center;"><span><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: "Libre Franklin"; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmIqi35F2J4QTICJ0NNytgE4d77hCF0y3BA0feif7tR_wx3zPdo4NYOgjVEK6Mmg45O_VtUMqtPcjCPYftrgOKefetT8YchkDNPsZ5FVHPRSeLQpV_Ib8D_F1FF9psUVkr_6VdFX1C-niRodPHoal8RH7G-yX4JRPDpyeX0ve5W7O_-aesMAYVHxU-XTrm/s500/WallSegment-St-01.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="375" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmIqi35F2J4QTICJ0NNytgE4d77hCF0y3BA0feif7tR_wx3zPdo4NYOgjVEK6Mmg45O_VtUMqtPcjCPYftrgOKefetT8YchkDNPsZ5FVHPRSeLQpV_Ib8D_F1FF9psUVkr_6VdFX1C-niRodPHoal8RH7G-yX4JRPDpyeX0ve5W7O_-aesMAYVHxU-XTrm/w480-h640/WallSegment-St-01.jpg" width="480" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>North face of St looking E</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";"><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Libre Franklin"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">All photographs are the property of Peter <span style="font-size: 18px; white-space-collapse: collapse;">Barkevics </span>and all rights are reserved.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In this next photo we see the B&B property as it looks in Google Earth:</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Libre Franklin"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Libre Franklin"; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRWiVheMzXMHhQfbHojTNdlCxjmXCPk7KEwpNFFjeRBT7YYlWDVlaI-HVAPmkYENbH_UtNJL8028RoVLeR5vKNhKE4Bke8KnZ5PVt9limCrRvEWI0Myz1Egab-BOR58eZSjHBLP8kkcIdtf8H5Eb9ShIhczBiuytm6IYotUzUrEqN1KisulsQqqtv3z67N/s906/GoogleEarthPlain%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="906" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRWiVheMzXMHhQfbHojTNdlCxjmXCPk7KEwpNFFjeRBT7YYlWDVlaI-HVAPmkYENbH_UtNJL8028RoVLeR5vKNhKE4Bke8KnZ5PVt9limCrRvEWI0Myz1Egab-BOR58eZSjHBLP8kkcIdtf8H5Eb9ShIhczBiuytm6IYotUzUrEqN1KisulsQqqtv3z67N/w640-h336/GoogleEarthPlain%20copy.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Libre Franklin"; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Libre Franklin"; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Here is a copy of the drawing that Broneer made of St.[3]</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin"; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIp3zwL04kdzrHuoYZtrHdkScRZLWTVaGeYAQFCvpmYFMJyZEDhGW5tKvIkSyg78XGoMbQeN_qPNdbd8qtShXIWJsyypXHnvray5WhyphenhyphenOvazT2KbfNSQeVshfdert_Ocye1oc8txRQ-1hfOmrcecLsiAUzjGf-V3RMMzTruWhsmj6jQm78AO7ujLTGq7EoF/s868/BroneerDrawing.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; white-space-collapse: collapse;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="868" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIp3zwL04kdzrHuoYZtrHdkScRZLWTVaGeYAQFCvpmYFMJyZEDhGW5tKvIkSyg78XGoMbQeN_qPNdbd8qtShXIWJsyypXHnvray5WhyphenhyphenOvazT2KbfNSQeVshfdert_Ocye1oc8txRQ-1hfOmrcecLsiAUzjGf-V3RMMzTruWhsmj6jQm78AO7ujLTGq7EoF/w640-h230/BroneerDrawing.png" width="640" /></span></a><br /></span></span><p style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";"></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In this final photo I superimpose Broneer's drawing over a GoogleEarth image of the B&B in question.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Libre Franklin"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Libre Franklin"; text-align: center;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwNnGOtcfms_Ff4oNxUkiJKYATaD6OcZZZA8mSORHzJ3T4_T7g6K5SCYw3iC6C3kJK_IIz9Ih6m74vCoRqZl0XIT2XfhiUSFpINM8sHdNAY2LB-MFdX6B3i8beO2hCQgpggYeEXesGwGdnIXeWP6pX-tTdq_Dq9v4dHzmDCp4Dw66Qzw3JE2b9a7ZfH9sE/s1154/BroneerDrawingFinal%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="534" data-original-width="1154" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwNnGOtcfms_Ff4oNxUkiJKYATaD6OcZZZA8mSORHzJ3T4_T7g6K5SCYw3iC6C3kJK_IIz9Ih6m74vCoRqZl0XIT2XfhiUSFpINM8sHdNAY2LB-MFdX6B3i8beO2hCQgpggYeEXesGwGdnIXeWP6pX-tTdq_Dq9v4dHzmDCp4Dw66Qzw3JE2b9a7ZfH9sE/w640-h296/BroneerDrawingFinal%20copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Here I have fit the drawing to the stones as best I could. It seems clear that the north face runs E-W through the center of the lawn. The south face is partly covered by the driveway and, in the back, by the building of a shed.</span></span></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Peter <span style="font-size: 18px; white-space-collapse: collapse;">Barkevics </span>has interesting observations about the current condition of this wall. He writes:</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">"</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">The current owner, ..., says there have been several floods of water from Mytika area after heavy rain in past years. A culvert has been built between the houses above his and it discharges over his courtyard. The discharge has eroded some of the area and the wall was affected. ... All I can say is that a quick survey of the site by the archaeological service would be a good idea. It's only a day's work for a survey team ... </span><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">"</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I want to thank Peter for his untiring work in finding and documenting these wall fragments. They are important for understanding Greece's Late Helladic history. Shamefully they have so far been given, not analytical, but mythologizing treatment.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Footnotes</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: medium;">[1] First described by Broneer and Kardara. For section St see Morgan [1999] 440, no. 2, 'Section St (Statiris Property)'. Also Broneer [1966] 349 and fn. 8.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: medium;">[2] Broneer [1966] 349.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: medium;">[3] Broneer [1966] 350, fig. 2, no. 5.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Bibliography</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #980000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Broneer [1966] :</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Broneer, Oscar. ‘The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology’, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (35:4). 1966. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147564" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="white-space-collapse: collapse;"><span style="color: #990000;">Kardara [1971] :</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"> Kardara, Chrisoula. 'The Isthmian Wall; (A Retaining Wall for a Road)', <i><b>Athens Annals of Archaeology</b></i> (4:1), 85-89. 1971. Online <a href="https://www.searchculture.gr/aggregator/digital-files-from-preservator/edm-record/TAPA/000054-11631_21735" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></b></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-17294ba2-7fff-d0f7-020a-0ad6ccb9c2d9" style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #980000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Morgan [1999] :</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Morgan, Catherine. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Isthmia VIII; The Late Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Age Sanctuary</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey. 1999.</span></span></p><div><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-29773044332999428972024-02-11T05:56:00.000-08:002024-02-17T06:58:43.833-08:00Section Pe of the Cyclopean Wall is found<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <span face=""Liberation Sans", sans-serif">The segment Pe (C7761) of
the Cyclopean Wall has now been confirmed to be located at 37.913457° N,
22.997472° E. My associate in Greece, Mr. Peter Barkevics has now
confirmed its location and provided a large collection of
photographs. The elevation of this segment is 65 m a.s.l. It is located just below
the road and about 18 m. (59 ft.) below the edge of the Mytika
plateau and about 20 m (65 ft.) above the valley floor.</span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />
</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi23gjBJ5HGNXpGkbujFNMGY2OUQ_Yq42iBXUTizZDoK6pdXFjLuT2bbHM1iiIWE_PDVy1meVPfyeSP1QzFxGCqPtmpm9lwEx5rZyOY1g_39xL5IsvO8TxoCBv9LsiZutgE0YeP4_lageBTUtqfiOMA3_mZK_Byb1fh4lJLKf670VCgcKRTo_pIsq3TnsYl/s2092/Untitled-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="963" data-original-width="2092" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi23gjBJ5HGNXpGkbujFNMGY2OUQ_Yq42iBXUTizZDoK6pdXFjLuT2bbHM1iiIWE_PDVy1meVPfyeSP1QzFxGCqPtmpm9lwEx5rZyOY1g_39xL5IsvO8TxoCBv9LsiZutgE0YeP4_lageBTUtqfiOMA3_mZK_Byb1fh4lJLKf670VCgcKRTo_pIsq3TnsYl/w640-h294/Untitled-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />
</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In
this view we are facing the Saronic Gulf to the SE. The modern road
runs almost perfectly E to W. The distance from the edge of the road
to the blue paddle labeled ‘C7761 Section Pe’ is almost exactly 6
m. Here the wall has been sketched in with an orange outline; it has
been superimposed on the drawing by Broneer [1966]. [1] The circle
in 45 m. in diameter.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhygs44_XHO3ZbIePo10GkPjHp1UITwrKbl7y2gwvgxXI9Me5wdeffgNFlJE9Sd6sxqFdQL5_5N-srCt8jfymLotRN7CGSv4bW4rBqBZVhGaVrYrp2PkZIuYqKZajHmldqaxg8nD5yibCpdrjrrCzdqDz0hdVhvLtj4T_pfsS727II0h26AC5u_v37BMTzK/s848/Broneer_Drawing%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="848" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhygs44_XHO3ZbIePo10GkPjHp1UITwrKbl7y2gwvgxXI9Me5wdeffgNFlJE9Sd6sxqFdQL5_5N-srCt8jfymLotRN7CGSv4bW4rBqBZVhGaVrYrp2PkZIuYqKZajHmldqaxg8nD5yibCpdrjrrCzdqDz0hdVhvLtj4T_pfsS727II0h26AC5u_v37BMTzK/w640-h120/Broneer_Drawing%20copy.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Drawing from Broneer [1966]</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />
</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face="Liberation Sans, sans-serif">The
segment is, of cour</span><span>se, in a neglected state; heavily overgrown and
concealed by brush. The characteristic ‘towers’ identified by
Broneer make the identity of this wall unmistakable. Moreover the
position agrees with the map in Frey and Broneer [2016]. [2]</span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">I include some of Pete's great photos and I will publish more soon.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Here is a photo (taken from the W) of the W edge of the second tower from the left in the Broneer drawing:</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtYlN5KQSowAvsrZsqysmZL1FD7pqxPUXUAky7wpzMj4wCYd6SEEghKt5RctewHmEb-gh6YUutCye98qw-N3EIMVTcUnus4QNcfKCCqhibBIY6DToHrwIbaY__qRZxE5nDg_0hmo7u01efhh24g3OwPJIF4e59R9xSZC1Oehxv5VSL2CEzGhKD1C4kkYoe/s4000/P2100335_MOD_WestTower2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtYlN5KQSowAvsrZsqysmZL1FD7pqxPUXUAky7wpzMj4wCYd6SEEghKt5RctewHmEb-gh6YUutCye98qw-N3EIMVTcUnus4QNcfKCCqhibBIY6DToHrwIbaY__qRZxE5nDg_0hmo7u01efhh24g3OwPJIF4e59R9xSZC1Oehxv5VSL2CEzGhKD1C4kkYoe/w480-h640/P2100335_MOD_WestTower2.jpg" width="480" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Here is a photo of the west corner of Tower 3 (from the W):</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMeis9tSf1sDNLWdDrCXtuZk5nRRjILvDwswJ5qBp3a1uWxSA_iHK5YWe0THw3azpokPvCfct36i4UTepDiTrVtxaZDdFuDppWdcQSURygolfyR5Y-MSZouWf7tUbkwCchm5RwbbMcDzi4g7nfQLm02wH-WW_6ozKplcqJP15wRxHZybKePOdK0B9GO3UP/s4000/P2100346_MOD_WestTower3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMeis9tSf1sDNLWdDrCXtuZk5nRRjILvDwswJ5qBp3a1uWxSA_iHK5YWe0THw3azpokPvCfct36i4UTepDiTrVtxaZDdFuDppWdcQSURygolfyR5Y-MSZouWf7tUbkwCchm5RwbbMcDzi4g7nfQLm02wH-WW_6ozKplcqJP15wRxHZybKePOdK0B9GO3UP/w640-h480/P2100346_MOD_WestTower3.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There are some dangers to be aware of. The next photo shows an old excavation (?) trench which is just a little way to the E of Pe:</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWuOkI_-zCBq88JJ8_OB0th2wCZYhYrr4q0nza62MoBoLdOWPfiSjk_IUKjydelLlnxvoIIkT4GViCEcg_GotF3ib5JHBXo__d-Vp9RhuZUcMbfbQcT80piy_ZVlcOt_DC5BpqiZEznDaY4bUw5Nml40DSPf4vNcP2oIeKK_snJmz4N41aiWVNfw_Xx86e/s4000/P2100381_MOD_ExcavationPit.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWuOkI_-zCBq88JJ8_OB0th2wCZYhYrr4q0nza62MoBoLdOWPfiSjk_IUKjydelLlnxvoIIkT4GViCEcg_GotF3ib5JHBXo__d-Vp9RhuZUcMbfbQcT80piy_ZVlcOt_DC5BpqiZEznDaY4bUw5Nml40DSPf4vNcP2oIeKK_snJmz4N41aiWVNfw_Xx86e/w480-h640/P2100381_MOD_ExcavationPit.jpg" width="480" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">I will add more of Peter's photos to this blog post (so check back) as soon as they are post-processed and labeled.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><b><span>For right now we should all thank Peter </span><span face=""Liberation Sans", sans-serif">Barkevics</span></b></i><span face=""Liberation Sans", sans-serif"> who not only went out, found, and photographed this wall. He also identified the Frey and Gregory article which showed the right position of Pe. </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If it had been up to me we all would still be looking at the edge of the Mytika plateau.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Footnotes</span></b></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[1] Broneer [1966] 350, Fig. 2, no. 3. Comments in red are mine.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[2] Frey and Gregory [2016] 438, Fig. 1.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Bibliography</span></b></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Broneer [1966] :</span></b> Broneer, Oscar. "The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology", <b><i> Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i></b> (35:4), 346-362. 1966. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147564" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Frey and Gregory [2016] :</span></b> Frey, Jon M. and Timothy E. Gregory, 'Old Excavations, New Interpretations: The 2008–2013 Seasons of The Ohio State University Excavations at Isthmia', <i><b>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</b></i> (85:3) 437-490. 2016. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2972/hesperia.85.3.0437" target="_blank">here</a>. </span></p>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-29146649548006669002024-01-15T12:29:00.000-08:002024-01-16T08:19:43.580-08:00<p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> <b style="background-color: white; font-size: x-large; outline: none;">Where is Section Pe?</b></span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;">The picture of Pe that Broneer [1966] presents looks like this:[1]</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirILzZxpDhfFK5EZzUUaQ_1kea0GJedxlrescfDX_k7BRalW42OQhoMWwTRg1_j6dxSizq9alhQYrFaKKR83h60U3okD-RtZf5s0lID6npfaEAMJ4DG3y5UpGdKq-tlsMiKmKTZKdMuEG5lKsIoco2yM4KuwD4rzpNLgOhbOGl_4ew9I5PsmcZmSF-3sWl/s1376/PeFromESmall.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1376" data-original-width="1033" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirILzZxpDhfFK5EZzUUaQ_1kea0GJedxlrescfDX_k7BRalW42OQhoMWwTRg1_j6dxSizq9alhQYrFaKKR83h60U3okD-RtZf5s0lID6npfaEAMJ4DG3y5UpGdKq-tlsMiKmKTZKdMuEG5lKsIoco2yM4KuwD4rzpNLgOhbOGl_4ew9I5PsmcZmSF-3sWl/s320/PeFromESmall.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;">In this picture arrow <b>b</b> shows a left-leaning (to S) branch on a young tree. Arrow a points to one of the buttresses.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;">This next picture is labeled in <b><i>Isthmia VIII</i></b> as a section of Sp. [2]</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRPMwMpnY9Njxib-gyIm6ekBYcc12V88hAEtTDoVvChXjCx4WrpFhRZotj2GWzxLlKOpcssq6FkyMVUKrqMUGE2lJPTvXGyNsU0JcUedISQ0b8luvVoHfZuNv84_8T-UCZEOg-KpkQB4_TF1amXY3B6nqPyJlFjdbPqbeYrSxEjkKV0aLJmYVww5NBC9oD/s941/SectionPeFacingS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="941" data-original-width="650" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRPMwMpnY9Njxib-gyIm6ekBYcc12V88hAEtTDoVvChXjCx4WrpFhRZotj2GWzxLlKOpcssq6FkyMVUKrqMUGE2lJPTvXGyNsU0JcUedISQ0b8luvVoHfZuNv84_8T-UCZEOg-KpkQB4_TF1amXY3B6nqPyJlFjdbPqbeYrSxEjkKV0aLJmYVww5NBC9oD/w442-h640/SectionPeFacingS.jpg" width="442" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;">But Simpson and Hagel [3] say that this is mislabelled and is really a photo of Pe. And that makes sense. The wall in this photo runs up a rather steep slope which we know Sp does not. Also the buttresses seem to be visible at arrow<b> a</b>. The right-leaning (to S) branch at arrow <b>b</b> seems to match the left-leaning branch on the other photo. So if all this is correct Pe is not likely to be where I thought it is. It's more likely to be further to the E (about 100 m) near 37.913481° N, 22.998581° E where there is a clump of trees. It looks like this in Google Earth Street View (facing W): </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; outline: none;"><br /></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwesLQ81sIdQ3aI6ancZyxbWFsIt1xIkfpU2Di3v3x_K1czXVCvr3cNUU4KuTlayovdgNfeUEzIfsS0Ft1Q_pD_leCTHp9f9dRjUYBW0W_-kZ3ylb3_-Zc_1kQYvqCfRHFQu8bn-BUSMSDsgmfcpsKjiuKNGPpEyX3w8nFFvhaONj8i4wAGV1B7i4pMQTR/s2560/FromRoadSmall.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2560" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwesLQ81sIdQ3aI6ancZyxbWFsIt1xIkfpU2Di3v3x_K1czXVCvr3cNUU4KuTlayovdgNfeUEzIfsS0Ft1Q_pD_leCTHp9f9dRjUYBW0W_-kZ3ylb3_-Zc_1kQYvqCfRHFQu8bn-BUSMSDsgmfcpsKjiuKNGPpEyX3w8nFFvhaONj8i4wAGV1B7i4pMQTR/w640-h253/FromRoadSmall.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">Here the arrow at 'a' point to a clump of trees in which the first and seconds pictures might have been taken.</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">This next picture shows what it looks like from the other side and facing E:</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz-7HiLhuq-Cgi9-4l5ZNvUv4uuSc-dVGh4aDeO_-ZGHBpKlMlhdYcRzZew8ou50ajzASXCZNl1cjLxHozpBZ_HD4DVd4sH6aZrhFR8RfbzApK6t4VFudphi9zfbQXkT7k-Gf4eCA2Oi5eiEE2LKUwPiJnxDyN-MKpC409amxjid4wnz4Z6_vkF8o1yfFV/s2560/FromRoad2Small.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2560" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz-7HiLhuq-Cgi9-4l5ZNvUv4uuSc-dVGh4aDeO_-ZGHBpKlMlhdYcRzZew8ou50ajzASXCZNl1cjLxHozpBZ_HD4DVd4sH6aZrhFR8RfbzApK6t4VFudphi9zfbQXkT7k-Gf4eCA2Oi5eiEE2LKUwPiJnxDyN-MKpC409amxjid4wnz4Z6_vkF8o1yfFV/w640-h252/FromRoad2Small.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">I think a candidate for Pe that would match the second photograph is somewhere just beneath the edge of this clump of trees. It looks like there is a very convenient turnout right next to it.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">From above the whole scene looks like this:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh264egnnG5s_t35ZhV_8eb2w3kO1GK0kUgszNdQpAlZgZFyq_78NF2a0CKxTN2xm5m38HNumUWv1w1HPSIyVTeX3elTsnWN8FeaO47-uEOGcicC2-7Nrk4_0fR3k8okB6xj5GjMzKoCaJyJCxfotHlLvOwjAGwzj4JRpwhs2VITaULnMZ0tNHxZfyoFAFo/s1256/SkyView.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1256" height="516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh264egnnG5s_t35ZhV_8eb2w3kO1GK0kUgszNdQpAlZgZFyq_78NF2a0CKxTN2xm5m38HNumUWv1w1HPSIyVTeX3elTsnWN8FeaO47-uEOGcicC2-7Nrk4_0fR3k8okB6xj5GjMzKoCaJyJCxfotHlLvOwjAGwzj4JRpwhs2VITaULnMZ0tNHxZfyoFAFo/w640-h516/SkyView.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">Here North is at the bottom. 'P1' and 'P2' in red are the locations of the two Street View scenes. C7761 (Pe or where I was thinking that Pe might be) is in the center at the blue paddle. The circle radius is 100 m. The turn-out in the previous photo is just under the yellow push-pin over the group of trees at the left.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">And, not to forget, this section may involve a fall hazard so be careful of your footing.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b>Footnotes</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">1. Broneer [1966] Plate 81.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">2. Morgan [1999] 434, figure 8. Labelled incorrectly 'Section Sp'.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">3. Simpson and </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: 16px;">Hagel [2006] 130, fn. 103</span></div><div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet;"><b>Bibliography</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet;">Broneer [1966]: Broneer, Oscar. ‘The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology’, <b><i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i></b> (35:4)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet;">Morgan [1999]: Morgan, Catherine. <i><b>Isthmia VIII; The Late Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Age Sanctuary</b> </i>. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey,</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: trebuchet;">Simpson and Hagel [2006]: Simpson, R. Hope and D.K. Hagel. <i><b>Mycenaean Fortifications, Highways, Dams and Canals</b></i>. SIMA vol. 133. Paul Åströms Förlag. Sävedalen, Sweden. 2006.</span></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-18480964901613145832023-12-22T11:33:00.000-08:002023-12-28T11:52:31.904-08:00Placement of C1542. The Skala Oropos Mound.<p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">I have heard from a correspondent who visited Greece recently and who has this to say about my placement of C1542 which I called the 'Skala Oropos Mound'.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">He says this:</span></p><div style="color: #222222;"><p style="line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">“<span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span>C1542 Skala Oropos: Mound</span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span>38.315918° N, 23.809185° E is not quite accurate. The mound is nearby, covered by a grove of olive trees and bounded by houses, at 38°18'56.6" N 23°48'26.8” E - if this is indeed the mound: I saw no sherds in the ploughed earth around the olive trees.</span></span></span>”</span></p><p style="line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">I remember struggling over this. Basically there are two sources. There is the Simpson/Dickinson/Arch Reports/Phialon track. Then there is the Cosmopoulos (<i>Oropos Survey Project</i>) track. Cosmopoulos' survey effort seems to have been done independently of Simpson <i>et al</i>.</span></p><p style="line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">What does Simps</span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">on [1981] say? At p. 52, ‘B45 Skala Oropou’ he says:</span></span></p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;">“Prehistoric sherds have been found on a low mound, about 100 m. in length, about a kilometre to east of Nea Palatia, a suburb of Skala Oropou. The site is described as lying near the edge of the coastal plain and about 500 m. from the sea, at the point where the road from Skala Oropou to Markopoulo cuts a disused mine railway track which runs part (sic) the north and east foot of the mound.”</p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>The time I’ve spent looking for that ‘disused mine railway track’!</i> Failing that Simpson (and Simpson/Dickinson [1979]) clearly refer to the hill you specify. No other hill even comes close. And the word ‘low’ might apply. This hill rises about 20+ m. above the surrounding plain. My marker for C1542 was just off the hill to the E and it seems like moving that marker up to the shoulder of that hill might be appropriate. The length of the entire hill is more than 400 m. from W to E. The shoulder is 60-80 m. long.</p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;">Cosmopoulos [2016] refers to that hill as ‘Ψ’ and says this (p. 104, <b>91/9. Agios Nikolaos</b>): “This is a large findspot in the long and narrow valley immediately to the west of hill Ψ (Figure 35).</p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;">The valley runs in a north-south direction and can be accessed by St. Nicholas Street, which is named after the small chapel in its southern end. A stream bed runs through the valley in a southwest-northeast direction and turns to the east where the alluvial plain starts. The valley and the hillslopes around it are covered with vineyards, olive groves, and fig trees.”</p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;">I reproduce Figure 35 below:</p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRIKQYezQoPFigCKJuj-xgi579Kp2gGPtXSBtvxAICuGQ6U-BpBx0KJKTJj7FN02sc6Hd5x8_lS16XZjk5Vd9-AykjbVSkguNWcrfjAOzq_Z4h3zGaj8AeDLQTC9eB9ThIh6MC9vQ9VeaStYWJ7kbgVNxzEbQtuclOp5QCKXnQSZ18oS_I1GSSigIYEw0/s2164/SkalaO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2164" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZRIKQYezQoPFigCKJuj-xgi579Kp2gGPtXSBtvxAICuGQ6U-BpBx0KJKTJj7FN02sc6Hd5x8_lS16XZjk5Vd9-AykjbVSkguNWcrfjAOzq_Z4h3zGaj8AeDLQTC9eB9ThIh6MC9vQ9VeaStYWJ7kbgVNxzEbQtuclOp5QCKXnQSZ18oS_I1GSSigIYEw0/w640-h301/SkalaO.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Reproduction of Figure 35 in Cosmopoulos [2016] 57.<br />Phioto taken from approx. lower center with axis shown by the arrow.<br />C1542 is shown on top of the 'Ψ' hill at upper center.<br />Area of Cosmopoulos' finds (91/9) is approx. the oval.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;">The chapel of Hagios Nikolaos is here: 38.316245 N, 23.810375 E. Cosmopoulos is describing a very large (basically the entire valley floor) site just off the E side of hill Ψ. <b>He reports no prehistoric finds from this area</b>. All the finds were Classical and later. It does seem strange that he seems to know nothing about Simpson <i>et al.</i></p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Action Taken</b>. I moved the location of C1542 up onto the shoulder of the hill. My new suggested position is 38.315505° N, 23.808465° E. I have left the documentation alone. In this context (since this is a BA atlas) I have ignored Cosmopoulos. </p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 13px; margin-bottom: 0in;">No changes will appear until I release a modified database.</p></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Bibliography</b></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Cosmopoulos [2016] : Cosmopoulos, Michael B., <i><b>The Rural History of Ancient Greek City-States; The Oropos Survey Project.</b></i> BAR International Series, 1001. 2001. </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Simpson [1981] : Simpson, Richard Hope. <b><i>Mycenaean Greece</i></b>. Noyes Press. New Jersey. 1981</div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-20762688535057199882023-10-26T09:59:00.061-07:002023-11-08T09:30:26.553-08:00Isthmus Wall, II<div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">In Galway, Scotland, there is a long and narrow valley called 'The Glen of the Bar' (<b><span style="font-weight: normal;">55.007825° N, 4.379391° W</span></b>). It is about half a kilometer long and rapidly narrows from ~70 m to about 10 m at its head.</span></p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtrCPiL8KAlPZpDS9HLYfiV6elh5xHe_UCTjkqFBzIdt2AKo5Zw7DuvI2UCfWJfIKJOp7l_mCFnUifQl5s6PDThHX_lbL-RD2K3SEZMzmtOKCftzMFIv70wLpV_LHHIgbq2QEX6Aga6LTu0Zu2CHUCEZVV6YHUiOIS5sjpDWN4Se1pc4-n5w-P9HtR3hYG/s1600/Glen%20of%20the%20Bar.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtrCPiL8KAlPZpDS9HLYfiV6elh5xHe_UCTjkqFBzIdt2AKo5Zw7DuvI2UCfWJfIKJOp7l_mCFnUifQl5s6PDThHX_lbL-RD2K3SEZMzmtOKCftzMFIv70wLpV_LHHIgbq2QEX6Aga6LTu0Zu2CHUCEZVV6YHUiOIS5sjpDWN4Se1pc4-n5w-P9HtR3hYG/w400-h180/Glen%20of%20the%20Bar.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Figure 1. Glen of the Bar, facing NE to the valley head.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNNPmRMbH7dcdnUbLxSDMPwcceeZ6b3Jcs09YsG48hKO-1Y9ppVjTyGViaF3IBdVlHl1x1DUWbFqcwEK8tgDdmDhrcwUnuIV4u2owvpPsL-GPoo59dCmTS4C4mCR4oJ4hRk2t1cEE8qAAhShaEWZ4l_2_u8mlz0VAAMX1nE6yKILuJ5Lsq1dAUrygh1ljN/s1660/GlenOfTheBar2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1005" data-original-width="1660" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNNPmRMbH7dcdnUbLxSDMPwcceeZ6b3Jcs09YsG48hKO-1Y9ppVjTyGViaF3IBdVlHl1x1DUWbFqcwEK8tgDdmDhrcwUnuIV4u2owvpPsL-GPoo59dCmTS4C4mCR4oJ4hRk2t1cEE8qAAhShaEWZ4l_2_u8mlz0VAAMX1nE6yKILuJ5Lsq1dAUrygh1ljN/w400-h243/GlenOfTheBar2.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Figure 2. Visitor's outlook. Glen of the Bar, looking SW from valley head.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The Glen of the Bar was, in former days, reputed as a deer trap or 'elrick'.<b>[1]</b> In this case deer would be driven by beaters up the narrowing valley until, at the last moment, they come over a rise and into an impound - up to this point invisible<b>[2]</b>. The corral or impound would have been just where the visitors' outlook is shown in figure 2. An 'elrick' <b>[3]</b> is a deer trap consisting of a narrow defile (or even parallel walls) that narrows into an impound or corral in which game may be killed or captured (perhaps in nets).</span><div><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>Communal hunting often makes use of narrow defiles or narrowing valleys to force game into such a tight spot that the animals can neither maneuver nor escape. Once animals are in that position they are easy prey for the hunter's arrow.</span></b></span></p><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Besides the Glen of the Bar and other narrow defiles a classic case of game trap implementation is the use of lunate or parabolic sand dunes for trapping antelope. Once the animals are driven between the arms of the sand dune it is almost impossible for them to get out. The photograph shows why this is so. The sand dune shown here is some hundreds of meters long and, perhaps, 80 meters wide.</span></b><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.helladic.info/UTIL/PIX/Dune.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><img height="248" src="https://www.helladic.info/UTIL/PIX/Dune.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Figure 3. A parabolic sand dune in the American South-West. <b>[4]</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Antelope driven into this dune will try to climb out. And yet if my readers look closely they will notice that, right at the edge of the dune, plant roots have held the sand nearly vertical for a distance of about two or three feet. It is very difficult for any animal to overcome this vertical lip. Animals exhaust themselves in the attempt and are killed. Many ungulates are superb jumpers and climbers but topography can be employed in such a way to negate those advantages. In this sense they function just like the intermittent wall segments on the side of Mytika.<br /><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">In the American west there often occur 'headcut' arroyos. These are defiles which are erosion cut by streams. In the process of their formation the upper end collapses into a vertical wall. The illustration shows what this looks like. Such arroyos are often the site of communal mass kills. </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[5]</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.helladic.info/UTIL/PIX/Arroyo.jpg" target="_blank"><span></span></a></span></b><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><img height="269" src="https://www.helladic.info/UTIL/PIX/Arroyo.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Figure 4. A headcut arroyo.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.helladic.info/UTIL/PIX/Arroyo.jpg" target="_blank"><span></span></a></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><i> </i></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><i>La Roche de Solutré</i> (</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">46.299401° N, 4.719246° E</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">) is a limestone outcropping in Burgundy, France. I show it in the next picture.<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNrhmPEXFUw95nWtd-7Y4IojQG4jWo5_z0h_JKOgmNLeK_a-dnoMLiakFNmtfFSqTx0Y04-Lsq_AxyHJnJq3N4YFZ8eRGj73S3E_MPZA93PSEcUqMDplXTmyCh1-7Rn_4UxNanL4fX9BsZubkCB8wRfi61g7OiD5lyYIhOBWOTwZDulUtmhVL1ea-jRbN7/s2560/Solutre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="2560" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNrhmPEXFUw95nWtd-7Y4IojQG4jWo5_z0h_JKOgmNLeK_a-dnoMLiakFNmtfFSqTx0Y04-Lsq_AxyHJnJq3N4YFZ8eRGj73S3E_MPZA93PSEcUqMDplXTmyCh1-7Rn_4UxNanL4fX9BsZubkCB8wRfi61g7OiD5lyYIhOBWOTwZDulUtmhVL1ea-jRbN7/w400-h225/Solutre.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Figure 4a. The Rock of Solutre (Roche de Solutré) in Burgundy.<br /></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">For about 20,000 years it was the site of communal hunts of wild horses. The actual site contains the remains of between 30,000 and 100,000 horses. It is the premier site for prehistoric communal hunting in western Europe and proves that this form of hunting was understood as early as the Upper Paleolithic.[5a] At one time it was believed that horses were herded up to the top of the rock and then forced to fall over killing them. This thesis was debunked by some simple reflections on the behavior of horses. Horses are not buffalo which travel in enormous herds. Horses travel in small bands of several females led by a stallion. The essence of the fall trap is a large number of animals which, by crowding, force those up front over the edge. This is a situation which cannot be provoked among horses.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Instead it appears that when horses regularly passed the rock on migrations that men could spook them and change their direction until they were trapped in a naturally occurring canyon. Here they could be killed by waiting hunters.[5b] The situation is hypothesized in the following picture.[5c]</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinvBT0OxKwU9mM8aMKmwCFUuj9QteA4c_LEDdvxpxJ6ZUSnnHpVFDxQLuYjF9tPRuTdVWkR3e1Uqti37jxJPFJtnrdtHw7iWETw72k1C5M485iCNoIzvszVJe7yknwJeh0B-WyOe9gpTdtR-QrSFG-u1_9h2LPPkeEDw5-mcSFSkegUOz-sHxkXlnAVjey/s837/DriveS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="837" data-original-width="758" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinvBT0OxKwU9mM8aMKmwCFUuj9QteA4c_LEDdvxpxJ6ZUSnnHpVFDxQLuYjF9tPRuTdVWkR3e1Uqti37jxJPFJtnrdtHw7iWETw72k1C5M485iCNoIzvszVJe7yknwJeh0B-WyOe9gpTdtR-QrSFG-u1_9h2LPPkeEDw5-mcSFSkegUOz-sHxkXlnAVjey/w580-h640/DriveS.jpg" width="580" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><i>What does this have to do with the valley between Mytika and Rachi?</i></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">We should start by facing facts. No evidence has ever been produced to show that the 'Cyclopean' wall was intended to cross the Isthmus. No evidence has ever been produced to indicate that the wall continued along the eastern side of the Rachi (about 970 m). No evidence has ever been produced to indicate that the wall on the Mytika side was continuous and all we can conclude is that these segments were constructed <i>ad hoc</i> and, potentially, for differing purposes. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">A brook flows from the head of the valley and north-south through its entire length. In antiquity this would have been a natural habitat for grazing ungulates <b>[6]</b> as well as many other types of game. The flat valley bottom, gentle slope up to the head, the availability of water all allow us to suppose that this valley was a natural migratory route to and from the top of Mytika plateau where there would have been the abundant grassland for grazing.<b>[7] </b> The area was "little inhabited" during the Bronze Age. We know that the Mycenaeans were avid hunters of deer. Many depictions of deer and deer-hunting figure in LH rings, cups, fresco, and pottery.</span></div></div></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">T</span><span><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">he entir</span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">e valley between Mytika plateau and the Rachi is not inconsistent with a communal game-drive system.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b>[8]</b></span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"> It bears a strong resemblance to the Glen of the Bar and many other such <i>elricks</i>. That the segments Pe and Ge flare away from each other is a good indication that they were intended to be the beginnings of the 'antennae' or 'rays' of such a system. The sequence Pe, Sp, Zo, Vl, and Pa steepen the W side of the Mytika plateau against which game would be driven. </span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Fm3o9MDze-MpeS5Cojc8-O7LyB1JpUQXPKGzk2FE_yY8Ay7pvAAIMoBp8zB4JQFUWtYOeoaNiyGpQ82UXIDpJU6FGOG-SxoaahPIKLP8P_KNosiDdS3x37ovfevp6DC7vVUm6g-JGgPyAzLPJXNDJxyO-SJPpGhKhAxFHh3Y4-uFH8wXgm8T3BS_gDkG/s2560/GameDrive.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="876" data-original-width="2560" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Fm3o9MDze-MpeS5Cojc8-O7LyB1JpUQXPKGzk2FE_yY8Ay7pvAAIMoBp8zB4JQFUWtYOeoaNiyGpQ82UXIDpJU6FGOG-SxoaahPIKLP8P_KNosiDdS3x37ovfevp6DC7vVUm6g-JGgPyAzLPJXNDJxyO-SJPpGhKhAxFHh3Y4-uFH8wXgm8T3BS_gDkG/w640-h220/GameDrive.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>Figure 5. The game-drive system in the Rachi-Mytika valley. The 'Beaters' drive the game into the space between the 'rays' or 'antennae' at Mi-Ge and Pe. 'Stationary' refers to figures standing on the Rachci in outline against the sky. Because of those figures the game will move further up into the valley and to the E where they encounter either the 'Shooters' or the 'Impound' where they may be captured or killed. The 'Coast Road Ddefence' is a completely separate structure.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> If they were meant to contain deer then we should not expect to find any of these wall segments to be of a height of more than 3 m.</span><span><b> </b></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">which is more than high enough to defeat the jumping behavior of deer.</span></span><b>[9]</b><span> When in use there would be several positions along the Mytika valley wall from which shooters would kill game. This 'wall' need not be continuous along the whole line of the western Mytika slope. On the steep Rachi side there are no walls nor would we expect to find them. A line of 10 - 20 human figures standing against the skyline on the top of that ridge would be quite enough to drive game to the eastern side of the valley. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Alternatively one would employ cairns with 'scares'<b>[10]</b> to accomplish the same purpose. The fact that Mi only begins where the Rachi comes back to the level is highly indicative that the Mi-Ge sequence was the beginning of an 'antenna' or 'ray'. Nothing that we know about the complex of wall segments in Broneer's thesis contradicts this model.</span></div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">My game-drive system hypothesis might, of course, be false. But it is far from absurd. And it is far more likely than an hypothesis that attempts to relate archaeological finds to semi-mythological and highly s<span style="background-color: white;">uppositious 'events'.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;">[11]</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">We know for a fact that the Mycenaeans were avid hunters and we know that they hunted the sort of game for which game drive systems are most efficient. Possible quarry for them would have included the aurochs (</span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Bos primigenius</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">) as well as the red deer (</span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Cervus elaphus</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">) which has been hunted in Greece during prehistoric as well as historic times. Other very likely game would be fallow deer (</span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Dama dama</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">) and roe deer (</span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Capreolus capreolus</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">). Literature and art also shows us that they were aficionados of boar hunting (</span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Sus scrofa</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">). Nor must we forget the mainstay of the Mycenaean animal economy, ordinary cattle (</span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Bos taurus</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Not very far from here the narrow valley at Klissoura</span><span>[12]</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> was used by Mesolithic people (long before greek-speakers came to Greece, of course) to trap and kill fallow deer which they seem to have done in large numbers. There are examples of this hunting style from about this same time in Epirus.</span><span>[13]</span><br /><br /><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><i>Falsification</i></span></b><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>All good hypotheses should be falsifiable.</u> How would we attack this game-drive hypothesis?</span></span></b></div><div><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br />a. The fastest way would be to support Broneer's hypothesis by discovering evidence that this was a cross-Isthmus wall intended for defensive purposes. Additional fragments of the wall that indicated some clear direction might suffice. It would also suffice to show defensive features: real towers, for example. Such things would not be consistent with a game-drive system. And, i</span></b><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">n order to be a protective wall, it need not have been completed. There are other examples of partly completed walls on the Isthmus and those were certainly of a defensive nature. </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[14]</span></b></span></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"> In fact I would not discount the probability of finding continuations of Mi-Ge. But, if so, I think those segments would be found around the Sacred Glen - a prime candidate for a game-drive system in its own right. Game-drive systems are often chained and that could be the case here. See figure 6.</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_UAguikpvkNwFPlPEpIDEIB1l-X9p7aKtUhpfKlceHiagypt7-pRPNSULPytpSB75ArSF9RP3F0blOMSlVtDoQBzi9yZrlxfanNa5nwVTfI7UkqOnDfdAfYXrPZrGHWn4z75eGIxL3Z2NFmKOiLbe4Z0GpTmNfqinw5sF6nIQX9D3b7nEqVAuzu8h-nH0/s1756/GameDrive2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1756" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_UAguikpvkNwFPlPEpIDEIB1l-X9p7aKtUhpfKlceHiagypt7-pRPNSULPytpSB75ArSF9RP3F0blOMSlVtDoQBzi9yZrlxfanNa5nwVTfI7UkqOnDfdAfYXrPZrGHWn4z75eGIxL3Z2NFmKOiLbe4Z0GpTmNfqinw5sF6nIQX9D3b7nEqVAuzu8h-nH0/w640-h368/GameDrive2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>Figure 6. Hypothetical game-drive system at the Sacred Glen.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">b. As far as I am aware no one has proposed a convincing model of communal hunting anywhere else in Greece (or, at least, not in the BA). 'Absence of evidence' certainly would point in that direction. A continuing dearth of such findings might significantly undercut my hypothesis. But hunting in these societies leaves few material traces and is, perhaps, simply understudied or even, not studied at all. One thing archaeologists could do is very simple - search for arrowheads at the foot of Sp, for example. </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[15</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">] Another approach might be to re-examine the Mycenaean landscape for locations that would suggest hunting in the LBA. The Klissoura valley wouldn't be the worst place to start.</span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br />c. The remains of Mycenaean feasting might show inordinately low amounts of wild game in the Mycenaean diet. This would definitely undermine my thesis. But I suspect what researchers would find is that in the fully-developed Mycenaean system of LH III hunting was effectively restricted to the upper-most classes. This sociological divide has been known in other places.<br /><br />I regard the likelihood of any of criteria a through c as very unlikely to be realized but - maybe.<br /><br /></span></b><div><b><span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">In the meantime I emphasize that my proposed model would explain, not only the 'missing wall' on the Rachi side, but also the curious 'southern salient' in Broneer's proposed wall route. In the game-drive model this 'southern salient' is no longer an anomaly. </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><i>It is the whole point.</i></span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"> Dr. Broneer tried to base his hypothesis on the mythology of the 'Return of the Herakleidai'.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[16]</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"> Thinking about what the Mycenaean people ate would be a more productive approach.</span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Footnotes</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span>[1] Fletcher [2011] pos. 8397. An 'elrick' is a deer trap. Fletcher, pos. 1583 says </span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>"We begin to build up the picture of a gradation of deer enclosures from prehistory to the present, extending from the simple <i>elrick </i>or narrow defile into which deer might be driven for slaughter or capture, or through permanent or even temporary wings for capture in nets, to the enclosures into which deer might be enticed using browse such as ivy as previously discussed, to the fully enclosed ... deer park."</span></span></b></span></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>[2] Animal game drive corridors are almost always directed in such a way tthat the ultimate shooting positions, or the impound, etc. are invisible until the very last moment. E.g. Kornfeld et al. [2016] 388: </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">"Before the lane reaches the entrance to the corral, there is a deliberate bend, obscuring the corral entrance until the last possible moment ... </span></b><span>". Mandelbaum [1940] 254, Fig. 5 illustrates a Cree buffalo impound which exhibits a similar sharp, last minute, bend, just before the impound itself. Brochier et al. [2014] 28 emphasize that, of the upslope game drive traps he and his team studied in Armenia, 81% had such a slope break.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span>[3] Wiseman [2007] 244-5. " ... </span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>elerc seems to stem from Old Irish <i>erelc</i>, 'an ambush', which through metathesis later became in Gaelic either <i>eileirig</i> or <i>iolairig</i>, 'a deer-trap', i.e. a funnel shaped defile or V-shaped trap, either natural or artificial, into which deer were driven in order to be culled."</span></span></b></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>[4] Kornfeld </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> et al. [2016] 345-6.</span></b></span></div><div><span><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">[5] <i>Ibid</i>. 318. "</span></b></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Since headcuts in dry arroyos often formed barriers that </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">prevented further movement upstream by bison, and the slopes of the </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">adjacent walls of the arroyos were usually high enough and steep enough to </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">contain the animals, these landforms were ideal for trapping the animals </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(Figure 4.6).</span><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">" There are many examples in Kornfeld <i>et al.</i> For example (p. 368) the </span></b></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Hawken site in Wyoming: </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"The Hawken site is a classic example of the arroyo bison trap; at least 80 animals were driven up the bottom of the arroyo by hunters until a perpendicular headcut was reached ... ". And see the headcut trap in Agate Basin, Wyoming, pp. 318, 329, 338; the Carter-McGee site in the Powder River Basin in northern Wyoming, 330, 361; the Frasca and Nelson sites in NE Colorado, 362; and the Powder River again on p. 377, "</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"The banks of the arroyo at the time of the kill were believed to have been nearly vertical and 5–10 m high. The headcut that makes the trap was formed in more resistant strata in the Fort Union Formation ... "</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[5a] Olsen [1989] 295, "By the Upper Palaeolithic, there is considerable evidence that humans were very efficient communal hunters of large game."</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[5b] <i>Ibid</i>., 316, 323.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[5c] <i>Ibid</i>., map: Fig. 2 from 297.<br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span>[6]</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"> Roe deer (</span><i style="background-color: white;">Capreolus capreolus</i><span style="background-color: white;">), Red deer(</span><i style="background-color: white;">Cervus elaphus</i><span style="background-color: white;">), Fallow deer (</span><i style="background-color: white;">Dama dama</i><span style="background-color: white;">), Aurochs (</span><i style="background-color: white;">Bos primigenius</i><span style="background-color: white;">), wild boar (</span><i style="background-color: white;">Sus scrofa</i><span style="background-color: white;">).</span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white;">[7]</span><span style="background-color: white;"> 'natural migratory route'. With the destruction of the deer in Greece we'll never know for sure. Red deer survive in Greece only as a small herd on Parnitha. The fallow deer survives in small herds on Rhodes. There is no </span><i style="background-color: white;">Capreolus </i><span style="background-color: white;">i</span><span style="background-color: white;">n Greece to my knowledge. The last aurochs died in Poland in 1627. Wild boar survives in Greece but not, to my knowledge, in this area.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[8] For a brief introduction to such systems <a href="https://mycenaeanatlasproject.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-time-of-earliest-prehistoric.html" target="_blank">see this post</a>.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span>[9] They don't need to be higher for game. </span></span><span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Deer are at a disadvantage jumping from below a wall. </span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Red deer can clear 8 - 12 ft. (2.43 - 3.65 m) on the level but will only jump the greater heights when frightened or otherwise motivated (mating, food, alarm). This is true particularly if they have a running start. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Jumping much higher than that seems to put them at risk of injury. Commercial e</span></span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>stimates for required fence heights to constrain deer come in at somewhat less than that. </span></span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>This is probably because the use of most commercial fences is merely to discourage deer and not keep them out under all circumstances (which can be significantly more expensive). In a true game-drive system beaters would often be visible on the walls and the animals will instinctively shy back to the middle.</span></span></b></span></div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></div>Fence height figures from <a href="https://howtorewild.co.uk/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-uk-deer-fences-alternatives/">howtorewild.co.uk</a>:<br /><i>Capreolus capreolus</i> (roe deer): 150 cm. (4.92 ft.)<br /><i>Cervus elaphus</i> (red deer): 180 cm (5.9 ft.)<br /><i>Dama dama</i> (Fallow deer): 150 cm. (4.92 ft.)</span></span></b><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span>[10] </span></span><span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><span> 'Scares'. A common technique in the Arctic, for example. </span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Walls in the Arctic game-drive systems often are decorated with sticks to which fluttering flags are attached. </span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> See Benedict [2005] 427. The word in Latin is '<i>formido</i>' which is defined as a rope strung with feathers used by hunters to scare game. Hunters using nets with scares (<i>formido</i>) attached is described in Peck [1898] s.v. 'Rete' as '</span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>"This range of nets was flanked by cords, to which feathers dyed scarlet and of other bright colors were tied, so as to flare and flutter in the wind." </span></span></b><span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fletcher [2011] pos. 2063</span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> describes the Ring Hunt: " ... </span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> once within a circle about the diameter of a league, about three miles, the animals were enclosed by a rope <i>on which pieces of felt were hung</i>. The hunters could then enter the circle and begin to kill them usually from horseback with bow and arrows." Emphasis is mine.</span></b></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[11] Broneer [1966] 357. "These deductions are in agreement ... " Whatever else we may say about Broneer's arguments (and, in fact, most arguments in this field) is that they are <i>not </i>deductions.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[12] For Klissoura: Stiner et al [2010]; Starkovich [2012].</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[13] Epirus. Sturdy et al. [1997] present a careful analysis of animal routes and habitats in Paleolithic Epirus. They present (601) a model of animal capture and control in the area of the Asprochaliko gorge which greatly resembles this one.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span>[14] </span></span><span>Discussed in Wiseman [1963], </span><span style="font-size: small;">Wiseman [1978] 59-63. The best and most recent survey may be in Gregory [1993] 4-6. Gregory discusses not just the several walls but the strategic considerations which govern the defense of the Peloponnese from threats on the north.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[15] Arrowheads have been found at the ends of one or two 'Cursus' in Britain. At Woldgate Cursus in Humberside, for example: </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH3AvhMDTG5RDVwBVCtMG4UDx_39wgO1d29deKWeQ_LPHAveU3M_eeqE6D-ZH6Fw3x5xk7Q2Z1mHpJ9DDfSKjfAfGa-weD2vM8J4PTvkxtU-f8r6iO7zbm4wNI3T6ynnAzuurN5h-NmzCDf7C2B-OUL51vqFZROkcobik66qh5u73ew0xXsGv-5FVNJzqK/s687/WoldgateArrows.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="641" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH3AvhMDTG5RDVwBVCtMG4UDx_39wgO1d29deKWeQ_LPHAveU3M_eeqE6D-ZH6Fw3x5xk7Q2Z1mHpJ9DDfSKjfAfGa-weD2vM8J4PTvkxtU-f8r6iO7zbm4wNI3T6ynnAzuurN5h-NmzCDf7C2B-OUL51vqFZROkcobik66qh5u73ew0xXsGv-5FVNJzqK/s320/WoldgateArrows.jpg" width="299" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span>Figure 7. Arrow heads found at one end of Woldgate Cursus.<br />Clearly this indicates the shooting position.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span>To my way of thinking this supports the overwhelmingly likely idea that the cursus was intended to drive game. And see Fletcher [2011] pos. 1077 on the cursus: </span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">"I hesitate to suggest that they may ever have served as a means for killing deer ... but similar constructions were later to be used to direct deer."</span></b></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[16] An example of the syndrome which I have named 'making Homer true'. Archaeological finds <i style="font-weight: bold;">can</i>, perhaps,<i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i>be used in responsible support of materials derived from epic literature or mythology (or vice versa). A fine example of such responsible handling is in Robert Buck's<b><i> History of Boeotia</i></b>.when he comes to examine the founding myths of Thebes vs. what can be learned from archaeology and other sources.</span></span></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Bibliography</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Anderson [1985] : Anderson, J.K., </span><i style="font-weight: 400;">Hunting in the Ancient World</i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 1985. ISBN 0-520-05197-1.</span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span>Barringer [2001] : Barringer, Judith. <i><b>The Hunt in Ancient Greece</b></i>, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. 2001. ISBN 0-8018-6656-1</span></span></b></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span>Brochier et al. [2014] : Brochier, Jacques Élie with Olivier Barge, Christine Chataigner, Marie-Laure Chambrade, Arkadi Karakhanyan, Iren Kalantaryan, Frédéric Magnin. 'Kites on the margins. The Aragats kites in Armenia', <i><b>Paléorient</b></i> (40:1), pp. 25-53. 2014.</span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></div><div><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Buck, Robert [1979] : Robert Buck, </span><i>A History of Boeotia</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">University of Alberta Press, ISBN: 978-0888640512</span></span></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span>Fletcher [2011] : Fletcher; John. <i>Gardens of Earthly Delight: The History of Deer Parks</i>. Windgather Press. Kindle Edition. 2011.</span></span></b></div></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Gregory [1993] : Gregory, Timothy E., <i><b>Isthmia V. The Hexamilion and the Fortress</b></i>, American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Princeton, New Jersey. 1993. ISBN: 0-87661-935-9.</span></b></span></span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span>Kornfeld et al. [2016]<sup>3</sup> : Kornfeld, Marcel with George C. Frison, and Mary Lou Larson. <i><b>Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the High Plains and Rockies</b></i>, Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. London and New York. 2016. ISBN 978-0-12-268561-3.</span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">McOmish and Tuck [2002] : 'The Woldgate Cursus; Humberside, Survey Report', <i><b>Archaeological Investigation Series</b></i>. 2002. Online <a href="https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/8364/THEWOLDGATECURSUSHUMBERSIDE#:~:text=monuments%20in%20the%20British%20Isles.%20The%20Woldgate,within%20an%20intensively%20farmed%20valley%20that%20bisects">here</a>.</span></b></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Olsen
[1989] : Olsen, Sandra. 'Solutré: A theoretical approach to the
reconstruction of Upper Palaeolithic hunting strategies',
<i><b>Journal of Human Evolution</b></i> (18:4) pp. 295–327. 1989.</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Starkovich [2012] : Starkovich, Britt M., 'Fallow Deer (<i>Dama dama</i>) Hunting During the Late Pleistocene at Klissoura Cave 1 (Peloponnese, Greece)', <i><b>Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte (21)</b></i>, 11-36. 2012. Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/4410366/Starkovich_B_M_2012_Fallow_Deer_Dama_dama_Hunting_During_the_Late_Pleistocene_at_Klissoura_Cave_1_Peloponnese_Greece_Mitteilungen_der_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Urgeschichte_21_11_36">here</a>.</span></b></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Stiner et al. [2010] : Stiner, Mary C. with Janusz K. Kozłowski, Steven L. Kuhn, Panagiotis Karkanas, and Margarita Koumouzelis, 'Klissoura Cave 1 and the Upper Paleolithic of Southern Greece in Cultural and Ecological Context', <i><b>Eurasian Prehistory</b></i>, (7:1) 309–321. 2010. Online <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235767305_Klissoura_Cave_1_and_the_Upper_Paleolithic_of_Southern_Greece_in_Cultural_and_Ecological_Contexts">here</a>.</span></b></span></span></b></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Sturdy et al. [1997] : Sturdy, Derek with Derrick Webley and Geoff Bailey. 'The palaeolithic geography of Epirus'. pgs. 587–614 in G. Bailey (ed.) <i><b>Klithi: Palaeolithic Settlement and Quaternary Landscapes in Northwest Greece: Volume 2: Klithi in its local and regional setting.</b></i> Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 1997. Online <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292608844_The_palaeolithic_geography_of_Epirus">here</a>.</span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Wiseman [2007] : Wiseman, Andrew E.M., <b><i>Chasing the Deer: Hunting Iconography, Literature and Tradition of the Scottish Highlands</i></b>, University of Ediburgh. 2007. Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/39789767/Chasing_the_Deer_Hunting_Iconography_Literature_and_Tradition_of_the_Scottish_Highlands" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Wiseman [1963] : Wiseman, James R., 'A Trans-Isthmian Fortification Wall', <i><b>Hesperia; The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</b></i> [32:3], pp. 248-275, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1963. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147077">here</a>.</span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Wiseman [1978] : Wiseman, James. <i><b>The Land of the Ancient Corinthians</b></i>. Paul Åströms Förlag, Göteborg, Sweden. 1978. ISBN: 91-85058-78-5.</span></b></span></div><div><br /></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-75373949220619586812023-10-24T08:31:00.003-07:002023-11-08T09:36:10.229-08:00Isthmus Wall, I<p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">The one step never taken in determining the purpose of the 'Cyclopean Wall' was to show that all the segments that supposedly constitute this wall actually are parts of a single structure. Broneer, Simpson, and others all merely assumed that this was true. [1]</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Wiseman also accepted Broneer's interpretation of these segments as one structure but he does try to justify why they all should be considered the same structure. [2]</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">However, the sparse nature of these segments, their frustrating undatability, the cross-purposes at which they seem to operate, as well as the varying construction techniques and peculiar route of their hypothesized reconstruction cast strong doubt on this automatic assumption.[3] </span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">The discoverer of the first segment, Dr. Kardara, as well as the younger scholars, Morgan, Gregory, Loader, etc. weren't so easily convinced of the unity of this 'wall'. And while they have written clearly on this subject I see no convincing alternative explanations for the nature and location of these several segments.[4]</span></b></p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">It is possible to see sections Ro, St, and Sk as having unified significance.[5] It seems that these three segments form a nearly straight-line stretching from the shore of the Saronic Gulf to a spur that leads up to the Mytika plateau. In other words this undoubted single wall (originally) proceeded from the beach, along a rise or bluff over a now-vanished creek, to the closest high ground. <b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">This group seems like a straightforward, lowlands coastal defensive wall.</span></b></span></b><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXJeqYt_osoiBCHm5cfYRJMbDMy1Odcg3_HEFt93ICSoYyGk5PIrIi96fWWbx_zwQWcn9guZys8iebLUrxXUYmt71PG5mXRQxuV9-BVio_g49u01eetvynNZVy7VNuak7qNl5eOrYB1FQWBWS9v66bXUe7BiBF7cqXss-ofmi4LUvl2j5MMSh6eCzCsNlY/s8897/C1949_230921_Pano_Segment_Sk%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2720" data-original-width="8897" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXJeqYt_osoiBCHm5cfYRJMbDMy1Odcg3_HEFt93ICSoYyGk5PIrIi96fWWbx_zwQWcn9guZys8iebLUrxXUYmt71PG5mXRQxuV9-BVio_g49u01eetvynNZVy7VNuak7qNl5eOrYB1FQWBWS9v66bXUe7BiBF7cqXss-ofmi4LUvl2j5MMSh6eCzCsNlY/w640-h195/C1949_230921_Pano_Segment_Sk%20small.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Section Sk<br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo by Dr. Hugo Becker, 10/23. All rights reserved.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">From Ro it is 650 meters before we find the next segment in Broneer's scheme which is Pe. Of that route only about 230 m is shared with the Hexamilion wall. So, in other words, after Ro, the 'wall' does not pick up again until we reach the other side of the top of the Mytika plateau.[6]<br /><br />I suspect that Pe, Sp, Zo, Vl, and Pa form a complex of their own and divorced from the purposes of the previous. We might say the following things about this 'complex'.<br /><br />A) Of all the segments in this group only Pe might realistically be part of a defensive wall based <i>solely on the fact</i> that it rests at or near the edge of the Mytika plateau. Broneer tried to emphasize this by suggesting that the forward extensions of Pe were 'small towers'. But the forward extensions of Pe are not 'towers'. Their small size and small extension (2/3 of a meter) are better interpreted as buttresses.[7] </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Segment Pe <i>does </i>sit on moderately sloping ground and this lends support to the idea that these north-ward projections are simply buttresses. </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">So the attempt to make this stretch a defensive wall is weakened once the 'towers' are disposed of.</span></b></div><div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">It is nearly a kilometer before any other segment (Pa) rises to the top of the terrain and this occurs, in my view, for very different reasons.<br /><br />B) It is impossible that Sp ever formed part of a defensive wall. The top of Mytika here is about 82 m asl. Segment Sp is at 56 m asl. The difference is 26 m or 85 feet.[8] In other words, behind Sp stretches a steep slope which is the height of an 8 story building. It simply cannot be that this segment was part of a defensive position. It cannot be defended and the rule is that a wall that is not defended will fail. And given the visible trend on both sides of Sp it seems that the course of the wall stayed well below the top of the ridge for a much greater distance. Dr. Kardara, the discoverer of the first segments on Mytika, asserted her view that Sp was part of a buttress system for a road.[9] As far as I am aware she seems never to have found a reason for changing her opinion about this.<br /><br />C) Segment Zo is the odd man out of this group. It appears to have been built for purposes of its own, perhaps it was part of the much later Stadium attached to the Isthmian games. Photographs of Zo taken by an associate of mine dramatically demonstrate how very different its construction is from the other members of this group.[10]<br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHE2ns014PYrQpriWqoqLIO8GS2FTzxNPdfROmi7LXb7Y_XhbpuJt9c86v9EnN4GkiRg746pyjb8PwAJkInYo0OnSCWmzy8-lEGubne3Wqm9C8wewXyS_FdR2J9hZSyBa3GCqMKVuS8t0wJ-iqTMhzmoJcIAdiNe6__g-8r6xFd-yXEkKJiWDEn3H13zg/s4928/C2018_230926_IsthmianWallZoSmall.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="4928" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHE2ns014PYrQpriWqoqLIO8GS2FTzxNPdfROmi7LXb7Y_XhbpuJt9c86v9EnN4GkiRg746pyjb8PwAJkInYo0OnSCWmzy8-lEGubne3Wqm9C8wewXyS_FdR2J9hZSyBa3GCqMKVuS8t0wJ-iqTMhzmoJcIAdiNe6__g-8r6xFd-yXEkKJiWDEn3H13zg/w640-h424/C2018_230926_IsthmianWallZoSmall.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Segment Zo (portion).<br />Photo by Dr. Hajo Becker. 10/2023. All rights reserved.</span><br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />D) Vl appears to have been at about the same level as Sp. Not much is known about Vl (it has never been excavated) but, if its elevation was the same as Sp's (and there's no sign of it on the Mytika ridge above where I think it is), then again, it is impossible for it to have been part of a defensive system. I believe that this gives us some weak reason to think that Sp and Vl formed part of the same group. Simpson has suggested that it is obvious that this entire complex formed a defensive structure because it was constructed at the top of (Mytika) ridge. But between Pe and Pa this assertion <i>is simply not true</i>. No one ever built fortifications way BELOW the top of a ridge when a ridge was handy.[11]<br /><br />E) Just after Vl the valley separating Rachi and Mytika rapidly narrows (from about 100 m to 50 m) and it rises to the level of the Mytika plateau where the Rachi joins it. At this juncture we find the wall segment Pa which seems to have been intended to join </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">the Rachi side to a continuation (no longer to be seen) of Vl</span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><i>There is no wall continuation to the N </i></span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><i>on the Rachi side </i></span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><i>.</i></span></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq3LlJucW0DHjgGxpzOrncocDHY5TW4N1IvMslnyfhQ8o-XPj8nd0_nAIGUrmOLtAA_PPHDEiSRlLOqOHxIWgYHycVV_GtclzhQNDXctaqND5lR2I8yBpQfPrNuTkOc3-C2TQ4MlcD8QVPUqYct8TTA2ew0OFDFPHC6QgxvinbaJji8oVAv2enfdA_mSwg/s4928/C2037_231001_IsthmianWallPa%20Small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="4928" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq3LlJucW0DHjgGxpzOrncocDHY5TW4N1IvMslnyfhQ8o-XPj8nd0_nAIGUrmOLtAA_PPHDEiSRlLOqOHxIWgYHycVV_GtclzhQNDXctaqND5lR2I8yBpQfPrNuTkOc3-C2TQ4MlcD8QVPUqYct8TTA2ew0OFDFPHC6QgxvinbaJji8oVAv2enfdA_mSwg/w640-h424/C2037_231001_IsthmianWallPa%20Small.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The head of the valley in vicinity of Segment Pa. Photo faces N.<br />Rachi on left, Mytika plateau on right.<br />Photo by Dr. Hajo Becker. 10/2023. All rights reserved.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">So, this group (if it is indeed a single group) starts at the edge of Mytika, sinks about 26 m in about 300 m to Sp and continues at this level (but above the valley bottom) until it rises again to end as Pa where the valley itself rises to meet at the juncture of the Mytika plateau and the Rachi. On the facing side of Rachi, for nearly a kilometer, nothing has been recovered until segment Mi. I include here a photograph taken partway down the valley and facing the valley mouth. This will give the clearest possible idea of the nature of the ground and how steep it is on both sides.</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNh0G8BA17IpxBXdo8tZNcVseemK2RGJmuZQOzIZBnVn1dOG99D0CDBJz5kZkLIveSXHAGq1yooM0_AHNmuRga5fy9JWDLdQb5xMoMWWFFfxiec3IrnpbUNinLlziuAfiTaeORUwVXHQha6LCZROlrRRFwOEdv6zt_5FWlDnY0AdKP5hsBLpr4SRmwPXkg/s4928/C2039_231001_IsthmianWallPa%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="4928" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNh0G8BA17IpxBXdo8tZNcVseemK2RGJmuZQOzIZBnVn1dOG99D0CDBJz5kZkLIveSXHAGq1yooM0_AHNmuRga5fy9JWDLdQb5xMoMWWFFfxiec3IrnpbUNinLlziuAfiTaeORUwVXHQha6LCZROlrRRFwOEdv6zt_5FWlDnY0AdKP5hsBLpr4SRmwPXkg/w640-h424/C2039_231001_IsthmianWallPa%20small.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rachi on L, Mytika on R. <br />Taken from 37.907818° N, 22.987935° E and facing N.<br /></span><b style="color: darkred; font-size: 18px; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo by Dr. Hajo Becker. 10/2023. All rights reserved.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">This map shows the position from which the previous photo was taken:</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJF5eufokdF52K8Y8XwRsPMjCAPiKf4DuFZcdxZj-Az3SUWQX8yh7sjt4HJbSRJPKUxGvlLP6PmsGzGJ6JIFrLZkKuBJVw-pA5OLhpNircWpOc879jjs0k165Vzqw4sb3sPf_SLeVLcKsRckks5m3Frn1UYpKVaGE_yYmVWVLK9nw8Vr6xLzcdBoZ7MoxD/s1896/PhotoLocation.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="858" data-original-width="1896" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJF5eufokdF52K8Y8XwRsPMjCAPiKf4DuFZcdxZj-Az3SUWQX8yh7sjt4HJbSRJPKUxGvlLP6PmsGzGJ6JIFrLZkKuBJVw-pA5OLhpNircWpOc879jjs0k165Vzqw4sb3sPf_SLeVLcKsRckks5m3Frn1UYpKVaGE_yYmVWVLK9nw8Vr6xLzcdBoZ7MoxD/w640-h290/PhotoLocation.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">This bring us to our final group, Mi and Ge</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br />F) The Mi and Ge sections form a group of their own. They are close together and are clearly parts of the same wall. At present there is a 980 m gap between Pa and Mi. In antiquity this gap may have been a bit smaller; sections of Mi seem to have been removed by local farmers. How much has been removed of what was originally built is anyone's guess. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> When we plot Mi and Ge on a map we notice that they do not begin until the</span><i> end of the Rachi has gone back to the valley floor.</i></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br />There never was any continuation of the wall on the Rachi side to connect Pa and Mi. In positing such a wall Broneer and Simpson <u>lost sight of something fundamental</u>. It's not often enough remarked that the Mycenaeans were geniuses at getting hillsides to do their work for them. A good example of this is the draining of Lake Copais in Boeotia. In the thirteenth century BC the powers in charge at Orchomenos (some of this is suppositious but the dikes are the best evidence) wished to enlarge the channel of the Melas as a way to drain the Copais Lake. (We do know that Lake Copais was drained under the Minyans.) The trick was to drain the Cephissus (a larger river than the Melas) into the channel of the Melas. They actually did divert the Cephissos river in this way but found that the channel of the Melas wasn't large enough to handle the combined rivers. So they built an enormous 17 km. dike from Orchomenos, just on the S edge of the Melas, and continuing to Topolia Bay on the east where the combined waters were drained into pre-existing sink holes or <i>katavothrae </i>(e.g., the Grand <i>Katavothra </i>at F857) which ring that bay. The point is that the Mycenaeans built <i>nothing or very little</i> on the north side of the Melas. They didn't need to. They simply let the plunging hills on that side be the other side of their channel. [12]</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Segments Mi and Ge do not line up with the NE Rachi hillside but flare outward towards the W. </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">It was exactly this outward flare which caused Broneer to suppose that the wall might continue all the way across the Isthmus. And this flare to the W seems to find a mirror at Pe which flares eastward in the opposite direction. It is curious that these segments (about 300 m apart in a straight line) and an equal distance from Pa seem to form mirror images of each other. What sort of walling activity would require that parallel walls should flare away from each other?</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br />Whatever purpose led to the construction of Group 2 on the Mytika side - that purpose was fulfilled on the Rachi side by just utilizing the steep hills already existing and building little or nothing extra. And our hypothetical builders didn't build additional walls on that side until the Rachi itself terminated in the plain and became too low to carry out their purpose.</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br />What purpose?</span></b><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Footnotes</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[1] Broneer [1966] 355. "It is true that its line can be traced</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> for only two kilometers from the sea, but there can be no doubt that it crossed-or</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> was intended to cross-the Isthmus.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">" SImpson and Hagel [2006] 125: "Since the Wall has all the hallmarks of a single entity, it is not appropriate to treat it as if it was only a collection of incoherent sections." Simpson here would alllow an exception for segment Zo. In footnote 63 here he seems uncharacteristically angry that Morgan [1999] doubts that these segments comprise one wall.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[2] Wiseman [1976] 59-60 gives a short description of the wall and his reasons for following Broneer. And yet, in the course of this description, he makes several somewhat doubtful assumptions, the chief of which is that the projections of segment Pe are 'A series of towers ... '. From this assumption he is led ineluctably to the conclusion that the wall must be ' ... a fortification wall.' Their small size makes it highly improbable that these projections were towers ... and in turn that makes</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">the 'defensive wall' interpretation impossible. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;">[3] The lengths of a</span><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">ll the known segments, when added, amount to a little less than 10% of the hypothesized route of the wall. As for the 'peculiar route' the chief problem in interpreting these segments remains the inexplicable plunge to the S after segment Pe and then the equally sudden reversal back to the N after Pa. This adds a net 1500 m. to the length of the wall. This 'southern salient' requires an explanation no matter how much Simpson tries to wish it away. The datability question is addressed at length in Morgan [1999].</span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;">[4] Catherine Morgan [1999] provides a careful discussion of all segments of the wall. She starts by saying "There is no evidence to indicate that it crossed, or was intended to cross, the Isthmus, or that it continued to Corinth and served to connect rural settlements; ... " Loader [1995] 164-167 shows that some of the segments have widely varying dates. Timothy Gregory [1993] 4 says " ... there is no evidence to connect these short sections into a great defensive work across the Isthmus; some of the sections might not be Mycenaean at all."</span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;">[5] For Sk, St, and Ro regarded as a group, see <a href="https://mycenaeanatlasproject.blogspot.com/2023/10/section-ro-of-cyclopean-wall.html" rel="nofollow">this</a>.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;">[6] Between Ro and Pe there are two trial trenches, MW-3, MW-4, and a few scattered finds on the so-called <span style="background-color: white;">'Phytobanis</span>' property. Not enough information is preserved from these areas to support assertions that they form part of any cyclopean wall. Morgan [1999] 442, nos. 3, 4, and 5.</span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;">[7] Even Broneer ([1966] 355) termed them 'miniature towers'. And see Morgan [1999] 442-3: </span></span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">"Four projections, described as towers (although too small to be used effectively thus, and so perhaps buttresses), are spaced approximately evenly along the preserved, north, face, ... "</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">[8] A photograph of the steep slope behind Sp can be seen in </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Morgan [1999] 443, Fig. 8.</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">[9] Kardara [1971] (no page numbers but final page): </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">"A retaining wall therefore for a road leading from the coast of the Saronic gulf to the main plateau of the Rachi - and hence to the mainland - must be reconsidered, inasmuch as this seems to be a more logical explanation than a defense wall across the Isthmos.</span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">" And Gregory [1995] 5 "The wall on the slopes of Mytikas probably retained a road, ... " Wiseman [1978] 60 attacks the idea by saying that the projections on section Pe are towers thus showing the wall's defensive purpose. He also feels that it is illogical for a road to wind its way in and out of the ravine when it could travel by shorter routes.</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">[10] </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"> In Blackman et al. [1997] 24 it is suggested that Section Zo may be associated with the later Hippodrome. </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">"Based on the workmanship of the wall, portions of which contain ashlar masonry, it seems more likely that at least this portion of the wall is of <b>Gr</b> date." Blackman means the Later Stadium.</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"> The area in and around Zo contains a complex series of ancient walls and it is not easy to determine if any of them are relevant cyclopean work. Even Simpson felt that Zo might be an anomaly. In Simpson and Hagel [2006] he says "All the sections of the Wall investigated by Broneer share the same basic characteristics ... with the sole exception of Section <i>Zo</i>."</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"> And Broneer suggested that </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">"The terrain here slopes gently down along a small streambed, which runs almost straight north, and there may have been a road with a gate through the wall at this point. This could be the reason for the use of squared blocks.</span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">"</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">[11] What little is known of Vl is summarized in Morgan [1999] 444: "Here the presence of a 30 meter long stretch of the north face is reported. No further investigation or artifact collection was made." See Broneer [1966] 352: "</span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The outer face appears in several places, and one such stretch, on a</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> property of Ioannis Vlassis, is 30 m. long.</span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">"</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">[12] For use of cliffs to replace wall-building in game drive systems see Fradley et al. [2022] (online so no page numbers) when they come to discuss desert kites in western Saudi Arabia at Harrat Nawasif: " ..., </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">and
the use of slopes and cliffs as part of a natural enclosure. Cliffs
were also integrated into the design of kites, possibly to reduce the
amount of guiding walls that needed to be built</span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"> ..." </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">For the channeling of the Cephissus river see <a href="https://squinchpix.blogspot.com/2015/03/draining-lake-copais-and-bay-of-topolia.html" target="_blank">this post</a>. </span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><b>Bibliography</b></span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Blackman et al. [1997] : Blackman, David with Julian Baker and Nicholas Hardwick. 'Archaeology in Greece 1997-98', <i><b>Archaeological Reports</b></i> (44) 1-136. 1997. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/581117">here</a>.</span></b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span>Broneer [1966] : Broneer, Oscar. "The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age </span><span>Chronology", <b><i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i></b> (35:4), 346-362. 1966. </span><span>Online </span><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147564" target="_blank">here</a><span>.</span></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Fradley
et al. [2022] : Fradley, Michael with Francesca Simi and Maria
Guagnin, 'Following the herds? A new distribution of hunting kites in
Southwest Asia', <i><b>The Holocene</b></i> (32:11). pp. 1121-1131. 2022. Online <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09596836221114290">here</a>.</span></b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Gregory [1993] : Timothy, Gregory E.,<b><i> Isthmia V, The Hexamilion and the Fortress</i></b>. American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey, 1993. ISBN: 0-87661-935-9.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Kardara [1971] : Kardara, Chrisoula. 'The Isthmian Wall; (A Retaining Wall for a Road)', <b><i>Athens Annals of Archaeology</i></b> (4:1), 85-89. 1971. Online <a href="https://www.searchculture.gr/aggregator/digital-files-from-preservator/edm-record/TAPA/000054-11631_21735" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Loader [1995] : Loader, Nancy. <i><b>The definition of cyclopean: An investigation into the origins of the LH III fortifications on mainland Greece I</b></i>, Durham theses, Durham University.. 1995. Online <a href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5374/">here</a>.</span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666;">Morgan [1999] : Morgan, Catherine. </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #666666;"><b>Isthmia VIII; The Late Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Age Sanctuary</b></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666;">. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Princeton, New Jersey. USA. 1999. ISBN: 0-87661-938-3.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #666666;">Simpson and Hagel [2006]: Simpson, R. Hope and D.K. Hagel, </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #666666;"><b>Mycenaean Fortifications, Highways, Dams and Canals</b>.</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #666666;"> Sävedalen 2006, Paul Åströms Förlag. SIMA CXXXIII. ISBN: 978-917081-212-5.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666;" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">Wiseman [1978] : Wiseman, James. </span><i style="color: black;"><b>The Land of the Ancient Corinthians</b></i><span style="color: black;"><b>.</b> Paul Åströms Förlag, Göteborg. ISBN: 91-85058-78-5.</span></span></div></div></div></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-31195209007395947662023-10-24T05:57:00.003-07:002023-10-24T05:57:47.314-07:00The Banjo enclosure<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> In my <a href="https://mycenaeanatlasproject.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-time-of-earliest-prehistoric.html" target="_blank">first post about hunting</a> I discussed the so-called 'desert kites'. These were game drive systems that consisted of long double lines of single stones (rarely amounting to so much as a primitive wall) with, every so often, a cairn or pile of stones. At one end this double line was widely separated but the lines would gradually draw closer and at the narrowest end would lead into an impound corral or abut on a river, a lake or a fall where animals (in this case, gazelles) could be immobilized for killing. I mentioned that this technique was world-wide, extending from the equator to the arctic, and was used by a wide variety of peoples for a wide variety of game (but most often ungulates). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">One thing that I didn't emphasize was that this game-drive method was only suitable for bare terrain: semi-arid plains, deserts, or tundra. Game-drive systems using single-stone drive lines were rarely or ever used in more temperate climates, grassy plains, or, of course, in mixed wooded country. This is simply because in such climate regimes single lines of stones would not be invisible. [1] Community game drives and capture/killing were still performed but in modified form.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> I have been reviewing the literature on the 'banjo enclosure' which is characteristic of the British Isles during the late Iron Age (4th century BC to 1st century AD). The banjo system consists of a roundish impound with game drive lines leading into it. </span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-6ISDjHr3XPgkuvkKtP8412WO0K8f0DyLtiTFwsYqdDesm0BXjgo8LJFu0B3V_1u7fNymuegsqcvw_mtodcSntRYJI5GuWJqdTfLHH6AU5llt3KDChq9O5IaGlwlLhqJdIOpbuiANLuK2DjibwbLQfy9BtV986DMBrKQkGjbxVYv4_94EUPrhb0TNJpdm/s737/Banjo.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="737" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-6ISDjHr3XPgkuvkKtP8412WO0K8f0DyLtiTFwsYqdDesm0BXjgo8LJFu0B3V_1u7fNymuegsqcvw_mtodcSntRYJI5GuWJqdTfLHH6AU5llt3KDChq9O5IaGlwlLhqJdIOpbuiANLuK2DjibwbLQfy9BtV986DMBrKQkGjbxVYv4_94EUPrhb0TNJpdm/s320/Banjo.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: darkred; text-align: start;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span>The banjo enclosure at Sparrow's Copse.[2]<br />Sparrow's Copse is in Oxfordshire at about 51.540030° N, 1.413791° W<br />.</span></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">As the game drive 'antennae' or 'rays' are sometimes straight the entire assemblage resembles a banjo. How are these constructed? The banjo enclosure, including the antennae, consists of an inner bank with an outer ditch. It has been suggested that as the banjo enclosure becomes larger (the average size is about 0.6 ha. but they may range as large as 2 ha.) this order is reversed having the ditch on the inside and the bank on the outside.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[3]</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> For our purposes this doesn't much matter - the point is that the ditch and bank technique for creating the antennae and the corral is a modification of the 'stone lines' which I have been discussing up until now. Scholars suggest that we should imagine the antennae banks as supplemented with hedges or blinds such that once animals are led into the drive lines their vision is sharply restricted. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">It's important to note this. A</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">fter about 2000 years t</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">he organic materials that completed a banjo enclosure are now disappeared. What do I mean by 'organic materials'? I mean the various blinds and 'scares' made of bushes, hedges, or hides have left no trace in the archaeological record.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">One thing that is certain is that the bank and ditch antennae were, in some examples, extended to a considerable length with additional linear features. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">After reviewing this material I find it hard to come to any other conclusion than that this is a late Iron Age game-drive system. The similarities are striking. For example, we read this:</span></p><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: darkred; font-weight: bold;"> </span>"The entrance passages ...</span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> in areas where flint is common, they are </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">paved with flint nodules.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">" This is strongly reminiscent of the practice of the Amerindian impound at Muddy Creek in Wyoming. [4] Why would these areas be paved with stone? Because it makes the ground slippery for hooves and so the animal cannot spontaneously turn at the last minute - even if they were inclined to do so.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">And there seems to have been an awareness that a height drop between the entrance antennae and the impound proper helped to prevent game from getting out of the impound. The same technique is used in prehistoric America. [5]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Cult is involved as well. Mandelbaum is concerned to emphasize the role that shamans play in communal game drives among the Cree indians. A shamanic structure is often present at Cree game drives and this might go some way to explain the extra structures sometimes found in association with banjo enclosures. [6] There are also indications that magico/religious practices were involved at the Ruby Impound site in Wyoming [7].</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Another confirmation that this a classic game-drive system is that, in some of the examples I've seen, the antennae curve as the impound is approached so the animals cannot see where they are headed until the very last minute.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Between 150 and 200 of these banjo impounds are described. They were discovered as a type only recently because the great majority are on level ground and are only visible as crop marks. The thinking among scholars is that there must have been many more that will never be discovered due, among other things, to the destruction consequent to agricultural work. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The researchers here provide interesting explanations of the function of these structures: McOmish says:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"...</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">, many </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">are now thought to be occupation sites, possibly </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">of high status.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"[8]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">I find it curious that the archaeologists on the spot are unable to formulate the game-drive hypothesis with respect to these structures. It's one thing to suggest alternate hypotheses or to reject the game-drive hypothesis itself. But the game-drive explanation for these structures is not even mentioned so that it can be dismissed. One can only reach the conclusion that the researchers in the area of banjo enclosures have never heard of a hunting practice thousands of years old and used world-wide.</span></p><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Footnotes</span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[1] Kornfeld <i>et al.</i> [2016] 400. <b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">"Even short grass can hide the drive lines during a normal grass year."</span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[2] Winton [2003] 20, Fig. 3.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[3] </span><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;">McOmish [2011/2018] 4.</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;">[4] Flint nodules: McOmish, <i>ibid</i>.; at Muddy Creek impound in Wyoming. Kornfeld <i>et al.</i> [2016] 391 say "</span></span></span>An area of artificially placed boulders was found that created a pavement constructed at the edge of a flat area that forms part of the rim of the depression in which the corral lies.<span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;">"</span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;">[5] Height difference between entrance way and the impound floor. </span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;">In McOmish, <i>ibid</i>, " ... </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">at Church End Ring, </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Wiltshire, for example, the enclosure could only </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">have been entered by way of steep ledge, such </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">is the height difference between the entrance </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">passage and the enclosure.</span><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;">" </span></span></div><div><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;">In Kornfeld </span></span><i>et al.</i><span> [2016]</span><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;">, "</span></span><span>Postholes between the boulder pavement </span><span>and the corral indicate a ramp was present; the animals were driven in the </span><span>downstream direction onto the ramp, which dumped them into the corral </span><span>and eliminated the need for an entrance gate.</span><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;">" </span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Mandelbaum sketches the design of such a ramp for the impound entrance constructed by Cree Indians. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEipMeTGizOxX4vfDukE4LWo28Stviz7SD06bCTufACZK1Ki8nxY9FmBDHHabMai1co8LR-G5NyjOTaYe4C2yE4w_QbQbbZzV44M9nBtipXekvxzKApOwlg7sM2mj_QXsGncK3OxeAeraSpu5ZYVDQDsm9CTYrmrAcSQfDvr0YKORM-16gKKLPQS3doHOs5k" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="596" data-original-width="683" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEipMeTGizOxX4vfDukE4LWo28Stviz7SD06bCTufACZK1Ki8nxY9FmBDHHabMai1co8LR-G5NyjOTaYe4C2yE4w_QbQbbZzV44M9nBtipXekvxzKApOwlg7sM2mj_QXsGncK3OxeAeraSpu5ZYVDQDsm9CTYrmrAcSQfDvr0YKORM-16gKKLPQS3doHOs5k=w200-h175" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Mandelbaum [1940] 55, fig. 6: </span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[6] Mandelbaum [1940] 52, 54. "<b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"> A pound had to be built under the supervision of a shaman who had been given the power to do so by a spirit helper.</span></b>" and "<b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">The shaman who directed the construction and operation of a pound (Fig. 5), chose the site in a thicket; ... </span></b>"</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[7] </span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Kornfeld et al. [2016] 386-9. "</span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">The sophistication of the corral and related structures was matched or superseded by a religious structure alongside the final drive line. The identification of the remains as a religious structure is based on a number of features associated with the structure and the architecture of the structure itself.</span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">"</span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">[8] McOmish </span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[2011/2018] 6.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Bibliography</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span>Kornfeld et al. [2016]<sup>3</sup> : Kornfeld, Marcel with George C. Frison, and Mary Lou Larson. <i><b>Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the High Plains and Rockies</b></i>, Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. London and New York. 2016. ISBN 978-0-12-268561-3.</span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span>Mandelbaum [1940] : Mandelbaum, David G., <i><b>The Plains Cree.</b></i>, Anthropological Papers Vol. 37, Pt. 2. American Museum of Natural History, New York. 1940. Online <a href="https://archive.org/details/plainscreeethnog0000mand">here</a>.</span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span>McOmish [2011/2018] : McOmish, David. <i><b>Banjo Enclosures; Introduction to Heritage Assets</b></i>, Historic England. 2018. Online <a href="https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-banjo-enclosures/heag198-banjo-enclosures/">here</a>.</span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Winton [2003] : Winton, Helen. 'Possible Iron Age 'Banjo' Enclosures on the Lambourn Downs', <i><b>Oxoniensia</b></i> (68), pp. 15-26. Online <a href="https://oxoniensia.org/oxo_volume.php?vol=68">here</a>.</span></span></b></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-56940693938648701912023-10-24T05:43:00.000-07:002023-10-24T05:43:25.192-07:00Cenchreai to Isthmus Road: Modern?<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">In a previous post I suggested that the present road between Kenchreai and Isthmia is not in the same position that the road was in the 1950's (the time when the several segments were discovered). Now I see that there is evidence that the road was, indeed, rebuilt about that time.</span></p><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;">A</span><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">) In Wiseman [1978] 59 we read "Part of the dump from the Corinth Canal now covers the wall between this section and where it re-appears near the modern road."</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">In other words part of the Corinth Canal dump was put between segments Sk and segment St. Notice that Wiseman talks about the </span><i style="font-weight: normal;"><b>'modern'</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> road.</span><br /><br /><br />B</span><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">) "The Hellenistic Wall. During the summer of 1965 a short section of a fortification wall was uncovered at Cenchreae during excavations by the University of Chicago and the University of Indiana. The wall had been cut through in the construction of the new Isthmia-Epidaurus highway." Wiseman [1978] 62</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">So, here again, Wiseman mentions a new road built between Isthmia and Cenchreae - in this case before 1965.</span><br /><br />C</span><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">) " ... on the side of a small gully that runs from the old earthen road (Isthmia-Cenchreae) towards the southeast slope of Ayios Dhimitrios Ridge (Fig. 70)." Wiseman [1978] 62<br /><br />From these citations we learn two things. The old road was replaced by a new road before 1965 (from B) and the old road was an earthen road (from C).</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Since segments Sk and St were discovered before this tim</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">e we must assume that Broneer's original report about St was referring to the 'old earthen road'.<br /></span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">What we do not yet know is whether the new road was repositioned.</span></p><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Bibliography</span></span></b></p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Wiseman [1978] : Wiseman, James.<i> <b>The Land of the Ancient Corinthians</b></i>. Paul Åströms Förlag, Göteborg. ISBN: 91-85058-78-5.</span><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span><br /></span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>(Note used: N663)</span></span></p>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-727104837733929122023-10-18T11:11:00.005-07:002023-10-18T11:15:09.224-07:00The Ring Hunt: A Seal Ring from Mycenae<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">A gold ring was recovered during the excavation of Shaft Grave 4 of Grave circle A in Mycenae. I reproduce the seal portion below:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPgbOK1sc7buMM646fbdlsCbZUV91rUwq-bvtspabMB7lYE7qKh7o-__8FWwKWbLZjaAS5bm6-SIVAhwyfLPCwJlCVu2xsw0NFrQikfggOKrfnCuer7wfaYe018JOjBOtGA30jtEZVcoFXAN3pdToc-Rtg3zsUbsj1cY3Ifa3IB__fgLBjNT4z59CY8sK7/s600/GCA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="600" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPgbOK1sc7buMM646fbdlsCbZUV91rUwq-bvtspabMB7lYE7qKh7o-__8FWwKWbLZjaAS5bm6-SIVAhwyfLPCwJlCVu2xsw0NFrQikfggOKrfnCuer7wfaYe018JOjBOtGA30jtEZVcoFXAN3pdToc-Rtg3zsUbsj1cY3Ifa3IB__fgLBjNT4z59CY8sK7/w390-h284/GCA.jpg" width="390" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: arial; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">A gold seal ring from Mycenae. <br /></span>CMS I, 015<br /></span></b><b style="font-family: arial; font-size: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Grave Circle A, Shaft Grave IV, LH I [1]</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">This image is from the German Archaeological Institute and is a more careful rendering than any other I have seen. What is shown is quite consistent with what we know of conditions in Bronze Age Greece so that, in this post, I am going to treat the scene as straight reportage; this has the potential to be more productive than thinking of it as nothing more than a collection of memes (imported or otherwise). Nor do I try here to confront the question of Mainland or Cretan origin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">What is shown here? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">A stag is being hunted by two men in a light chariot. The chariot has four spoked wheels and is being drawn by two horses. One of the men is the shooter; the other is the charioteer. The quarry is a fallow deer (<i>Dama dama</i>) </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">stag </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">as is evident from the spots on his coat as well as the palmate horns. </span><i style="font-family: helvetica;">Dama dama</i><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> is now almost extinct in Greece but it was plentiful enough in pre-historic times. Long before Greek-speakers came to Greece, <i>Dama dama</i> was the primary quarry at Klissoura. [2] H</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">erds of fallow deer still survive on Rhodes.[3]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">How likely is it that Mycenaean hunters charge around the countryside on a chariot hoping to encounter and shoot a stag? In a nutshell: not very likely at all. In fact, virtually impossible. So back to our original question: What is shown here?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">One way to kill deer is to organize a ring hunt. </span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">The <b>ring hunt</b> can be a very large, many day, affair. It basically involves a very large number of beaters spread out over many miles, and arranged in a ring. During the hunt these beaters gradually force the prey to converge on the killing grounds where they are confronted (often) by someone of high rank who does the shooting. We must regard the ring hunt as intended mostly as a display of royal power and strength.[4]</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">An irish ring-hunt for red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) is described in Reeves-Smyth [2017]. [5] In that hunt a local chieftain participated with beaters to drive a large number of deer into an enclosed space in which the intended targets were first brought down by dogs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">We are told that the ring hunt was a common form of hunting among the Mongols. [6] </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">More essentially the ring hunt is often a means of enhancing the leader's prestige. [7] One such hunt was illustrated by an Italian artist, Giuseppe Castiglione, at some time before his death in 1766. At the climax of this hunt the beaters are standing around the enclosure nearly shoulder to shoulder and watching 'admiringly' while the emperor Qianlong shoots deer from horseback while riding at full gallop. In intent it is identical to the motif on the gold ring with which we started. [8]</span></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"> </span>John Taylor <a href="https://www.wikiwand.com/en/John_Taylor_(poet)">'the Water Poet'</a> made a visit to Scotland in 1618, described in his Pennyless Pilgrimage, where he took part in a large organized hunt. He describes how the deer were driven by beaters to a central place: </span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">"</span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">The manner of the hunting is this-five or six hundred men do rise early in the morning, and they do disperse themselves divers ways, and seven, eight, or tenne miles compasse, they do bring in or chase in the deere in many herds, two, three, or four hundred in a herd, to such or such a place, as the noblemen shall appoint them. When the day is come the lords and gentlemen of their companys doe ride or goe to the said places, some times wadeing up to the middle through bournes and rivers; and then they being come to the place, do lye downe on the ground til those four said scouts, which are called the tinckhell, doe bring down the deere; ... </span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">" [9]</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">These examples show the antiquity, ubiquitousness, and popularity of the ring hunt. And the fact that all these examples are necessarily historic does not lessen the legitimate conclusion that such hunts with beaters in which social or political leaders showed off their power and ability come down to us from prehistoric times. I suspect that this little seal ring tells us something about methods of hunt among the Mycenaean people.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Where did these hunts take place?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b>Footnotes</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[1] The CMS is the </span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><i>Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">. The ring itself is described </span><a href="https://arachne.dainst.org/entity/6588613" style="font-weight: normal;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Arachne has more </span><a href="https://arachne.dainst.org/entity/1150052?fl=20&q=connectedEntities:6588613&resultIndex=1" style="font-weight: normal;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="font-weight: normal;">. This shows the original (click to enlarge):</span></span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8HZ2OvKJHc-Yx2-8gzN3XTHvN_u29tM4b_kpQDKj93ql6Se151YTGq46U_6-5GxDeo4hZeuLXDt3O1R5ay6mx23PiJ-z9kT0JsM7dbaGyDgJFrangMgeCX-6np4jSjF8qtu5LEJ4hQQakMrw-K_eyYhBqAWM8SI6-4D6PwX6339oh8AdFhQz7UAiqCaC7/s720/RingEnhanced.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="720" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8HZ2OvKJHc-Yx2-8gzN3XTHvN_u29tM4b_kpQDKj93ql6Se151YTGq46U_6-5GxDeo4hZeuLXDt3O1R5ay6mx23PiJ-z9kT0JsM7dbaGyDgJFrangMgeCX-6np4jSjF8qtu5LEJ4hQQakMrw-K_eyYhBqAWM8SI6-4D6PwX6339oh8AdFhQz7UAiqCaC7/w200-h133/RingEnhanced.jpg" width="200" /></a></b></div><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></b><p></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[2] Starkovich [2012] 29.</span></span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[3] </span></span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Trantalidou [2002] 161</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">[4] Fletcher [2011] pos. 2128 <i>et passim</i>.</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">[5] Reeves-Smyth [2017] 232-3.</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">[6] Fletcher [2011] pos. 2034: "</span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">The Mongols constructed hunting parks throughout China and in all outposts of their empire but, in keeping with their more mobile and nomadic lifestyle, the driven hunt or ring hunt was the most common form of hunting in their home country."</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[7] Idem.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[8] Fletcher cotinues (2042): <span style="font-size: x-small;">"Such massive ring hunts, involving tens of thousands of men, were practiced for many centuries throughout Eurasia. They were seen as ideal training for military campaigns and in them we can see close parallels with English monarchs and nobles hunting par force amongst their retainers in the forest or chase."</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[9] </span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Watson [1913] 158-160. The entire account of this hunt is worth reading in order to get an idea of the enormous scale of this many-day enterprise. 'T</span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">inckhell</span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">' is a fine old anglo-scots term for 'beaters'. In hunts of this type they sometimes numbered in the hundreds.</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Bibliography</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fletcher; John. </span><i>Gardens of Earthly Delight: The History of Deer Parks</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Windgather Press. Kindle Edition. 2011.</span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Reeves-Smyth [2017] : Reeves-Smyth, Terence. 'A History of Deer Management in Ireland with special reference to the Glenarm Deer Parks', <b><i>Ulster Journal of Archaeology</i></b> (74), pp. 231-258. 2017-2018. Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/40090281/A_HISTORY_OF_DEER_MANAGEMENT_IN_IRELAND_WITH_SPECIAL_REFERENCE_TO_THE_GLENARM_DEER_PARKS" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Starkovich [2012] : Starkovich, Britt M., 'Fallow Deer (<i>Dama dama</i>) Hunting During the Late Pleistocene at Klissoura Cave 1 (Peloponnese, Greece)', <i><b>Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte (21)</b></i>, 11-36. 2012. Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/4410366/Starkovich_B_M_2012_Fallow_Deer_Dama_dama_Hunting_During_the_Late_Pleistocene_at_Klissoura_Cave_1_Peloponnese_Greece_Mitteilungen_der_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Urgeschichte_21_11_36">here</a>.</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Trantalidou [2002] : Trantalidou, Katerina. 'The Rhodian fallow deer: game and trophy since prehistoric times', pp. 159-224 in M. Masseti, ed., <i><b>Island of Deer: Natural history of the Fallow Deer of Rhodes and the vertebrates of the Dodecanese (Greece)</b></i>. Rhodes, Greece: City of Rhodes, Environment Organization. 2002. Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/5354876/The_Rhodian_fallow_deer_Game_and_trophy_since_prehistoric_times_M_%CE%9Casseti_Island_of_deer_Natural_history_of_the_fallow_deer_of_Rhodes_and_the_vertebrates_of_the_Dodecanese_Greece_2001_159_64">here</a>.</span></b></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Watson [1913] : Watson, William J., 'Aoibhinn an Obair an t-Sealg'm. </span><i style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><b>The Celtic Review</b></i><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;"> (9:34), pp. 156-168 (Nov., 1913). </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Online </span><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30070293" style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px;">here</a></span></p>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-24524313102625435832023-10-17T09:16:00.003-07:002023-10-17T09:22:45.697-07:00The Cyclopean Wall: Why the salient?<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">In Simpson [1981] we read the following </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">"The wall ... is sited wherever possible in such a manner as to force attackers from the north to approach over steeply sloping ground. Indeed a very wide (and expensive) loop was made in the central part of its preserved length ..., adding about 2 kilometres of "extra" walling, obviously in order to maintain the desired elevation and to take advantage of the steep slopes." [1]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Dr. Simpson is quite mistaken about this. Section Pe <i>does </i>sit on the top north edge of the Mytika plateau but segment Sp, the very next segment and some 230 m to the S of Pe, sits some 26 m. below the top of the ridge. In 230 m, therefore, this 'defensive' wall has descended the height of an 8-story building from Pe. That is clear in the next picture:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpVsRQV1TcATPQwXItA7EBvldAIF1zSaN-w70nEE3paSWVV22GLDqo0vclBrjSsL6WIjzU2nDD3pFAXnpxZo6uSf2tiayrK2VJv8JSkG4-Iw2ex_VoxQYmEirv8V2zbn_6I50R44Z2NVHLNLagW0lkFJLBMB9Bb8cVI0NMs8gHWs9s45eLsIbFsDHS3XVW/s1896/Pe_to_Zo.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1012" data-original-width="1896" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpVsRQV1TcATPQwXItA7EBvldAIF1zSaN-w70nEE3paSWVV22GLDqo0vclBrjSsL6WIjzU2nDD3pFAXnpxZo6uSf2tiayrK2VJv8JSkG4-Iw2ex_VoxQYmEirv8V2zbn_6I50R44Z2NVHLNLagW0lkFJLBMB9Bb8cVI0NMs8gHWs9s45eLsIbFsDHS3XVW/w400-h214/Pe_to_Zo.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Segments Pe, Sp, and Zo. Facing SE.<br />The blue 'fence' is a reconstruction of the route of the supposed wall.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The descent from Pe to Sp is clear in this picture. </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The fact that a steep ridge sits immediately behind and above Sp and that Sp is actually embedded in the ridge makes it impossible that this segment was ever part of a defensive wall. </span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWSXL_0EVDOKzJXITC9lQbdr990kPpYW8RI9TglfhctTpnOLQWuFphDPYCZh8aKQsTqiAi9136IwYW9qkyjMew0rI3EK6AEKNQJSVl5sQcRerwjNULCfqcHHuWFFwjLEjBj_XoMs94Nfk_37JM4NA0Q9R-zy6wqpqCssKc00aR_YBpbnmSEptTRHuEmCRC/s2092/SectionSpAnnotated.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2092" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWSXL_0EVDOKzJXITC9lQbdr990kPpYW8RI9TglfhctTpnOLQWuFphDPYCZh8aKQsTqiAi9136IwYW9qkyjMew0rI3EK6AEKNQJSVl5sQcRerwjNULCfqcHHuWFFwjLEjBj_XoMs94Nfk_37JM4NA0Q9R-zy6wqpqCssKc00aR_YBpbnmSEptTRHuEmCRC/w640-h310/SectionSpAnnotated.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Segment Sp. A steep ridge (in which Sp is embedded) rises just behind<br />and makes it impossible to defend.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The very next segment, Zo, is at the same elevation as Sp but, because of the ground, sits on a level plain easily approachable to any 'attacker' coming up the valley. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Simpson is correct that the southern salient (and the extra 1800 m of walling) requires an explanation. An attempt 'to maintain the desired elevation and to take advantage of the steep slopes' is not that explanation.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b>Footnotes</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[1] Simpson [1981] 35, 'A 61 Isthmia'.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b>Bibliography</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Simpson [1981] : Simpson, Richard Hope. Mycenaean Greece. Noyes Press. 1981. ISBN: 0-8155-5061-8.</span></p>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-2671458272147138322023-10-12T11:05:00.003-07:002023-10-15T10:04:12.916-07:00Aetos Paliokastro (C168): A Report from Barking Pete<p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;">An associate of mine in Greece, Barking Pete, sends me an email about the real position of Aetos Paliokastro and, because of its interest, I thought that I should share part of it with my readers. He and a friend who calls himself 'Aristomenes' after the famous Messenian hero recently re-visited the town of Aetos in order to definitely establish the former castle at the top of Paliokastro hill as well as get some more information and photos of the cyclopean wall in the town of Aetos itself.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Now I had the position of Paliokastro (C168) at </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">37.244601° N, 21.838944° E with an error radius of 50 m. This was quite wrong; Pete establishes the actual position on a small neighboring hill just to the E at 37.243872° N, 21.842411° E. The distance between them is more than 300 m. The atlas has now been corrected for <a href="https://www.helladic.info/C168" target="_blank">C168</a>.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">On the ground it looks like this:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBES1dmTal2Tut3cG5uNr5pb_uxtPLsJcuKQaj6tOaxgDI_YG9ciQsNxaONvA2Q5wxcjPnnqfBKdmhiFwtxPaZMNoigMu460GiJWluLAit6ABtSsVgh_VTozcWIKkVp7eYp9J_I0zlLlP3t06uwuMW8GtPRErjBclnKab3yVIjhqz7ScaELwSyxfcheJ_A/s1654/Aetos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1005" data-original-width="1654" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBES1dmTal2Tut3cG5uNr5pb_uxtPLsJcuKQaj6tOaxgDI_YG9ciQsNxaONvA2Q5wxcjPnnqfBKdmhiFwtxPaZMNoigMu460GiJWluLAit6ABtSsVgh_VTozcWIKkVp7eYp9J_I0zlLlP3t06uwuMW8GtPRErjBclnKab3yVIjhqz7ScaELwSyxfcheJ_A/w400-h243/Aetos.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Pete and Aristomenes took a number of pictures while they were there. </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">This next is of the small hill that Paliokastro sits on:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfMAmT0wjMtdDsd9-yRNpa88zPG7wbgQGdyl-Hp1FlusRN6RioXMYpRn7BV2ztcKYO7sSSeZX92AUA4Y4ZscmQpvl_96746jtQGAuTUCAOgwIVdp0q3o006OgRVbbQCaWKOecFcWelF-KgNCnjJt_NSSNZDGQrWDXrVCB5O-bZFirI43yxpQOVSmPL1WcO/s800/Paliokastro_from_West.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfMAmT0wjMtdDsd9-yRNpa88zPG7wbgQGdyl-Hp1FlusRN6RioXMYpRn7BV2ztcKYO7sSSeZX92AUA4Y4ZscmQpvl_96746jtQGAuTUCAOgwIVdp0q3o006OgRVbbQCaWKOecFcWelF-KgNCnjJt_NSSNZDGQrWDXrVCB5O-bZFirI43yxpQOVSmPL1WcO/w640-h480/Paliokastro_from_West.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">... and here is a portion of the outer wall on the W side of Paliokastro:</span></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPza1q29UZdwSWrtjRwxmaT0blNH_alZVE3n6zk71F0TNnMdhNqlMbIrQUAumWFIsndXoSxQvvc2eTftyqWsXcyc54LQnBW49nCL1vvhuKhHqnN6uKDrEe8rVOHhgLw8_DPDyNUikvwi4-RhqNLVMgWai-1qwykmMpfF4NDGgHUbceM0n2jxtMFW_-AEyl/s800/Paliokastro_West_Outer_Wall.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPza1q29UZdwSWrtjRwxmaT0blNH_alZVE3n6zk71F0TNnMdhNqlMbIrQUAumWFIsndXoSxQvvc2eTftyqWsXcyc54LQnBW49nCL1vvhuKhHqnN6uKDrEe8rVOHhgLw8_DPDyNUikvwi4-RhqNLVMgWai-1qwykmMpfF4NDGgHUbceM0n2jxtMFW_-AEyl/w480-h640/Paliokastro_West_Outer_Wall.jpg" width="480" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Of his experience at Paliokastro Pete says:</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"</span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">After a bumpy ride up a rutted track, we arrived at the small hillock that defines the Franksh/Byzantine castle. It's a small affair and in a somewhat ruined state. There are visible traces of the walls, some higher, some collapsed. The Frankish walls and towers constructed with mortar are best preserved to a height of a metre or so. The stones are large 'brick-sized' or bigger but able to be placed easily by one person. There is a central "keep" with an underground cistern - so it must have had a roof to collect the rainwater. </span></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However there are a number of peripheral walls, mostly collapsed and constructed without mortar from much larger stones as well as some smaller stuff. This could have been the peripheral wall of the prehistoric acropolis. Unfortunately, the undergrowth was dense in many places and we could not easily navigate the whole site. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></div><p><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">There were many ceramic sherds on the site. Our findings agree with Simpson</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> et al</i><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">when they note that most sherds are found on the hill to</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> the east and north east of the access track. We also found a lot of pottery fragments above the track - but that put them on the west/northwest side</span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> </span><i style="color: #222222;">of the hill </i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">itself. The ceramics were less evident on the east side of the hill, if only because that was the steeper side and they may have been washed down to a gre</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;">ater extent over time. As the east side of the hill was very overgrown further down we did not venture far there.</span>"</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white;">Pete's reference to Simpson is Simpson [1981]</span><span style="background-color: white;"> 'F 215 Aetos: Palaiokastro', pg. 138.</span></span></p><div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">I want to thank Pete and Aristomenes for their efforts here and for these valuable photos.</span></span></div><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;"><b>Biblio</b></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Simpson [1981]: Simpson, Richard Hope. </span><i style="font-family: arial;"><b>Mycenaean Greece</b></i><span style="font-family: arial;">. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Press, 1981.</span></span></p>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-72862590756851643392023-10-07T14:31:00.072-07:002023-10-08T09:18:09.082-07:00'Section Ro' of the Cyclopean Wall<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Oscar Broneer, in an article of 1966, reports a section of 'cyclopean wall' which he calls 'Ro'. He says:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"Section Ro (Fig. 2, 4), on the property of Panagiota Roussi, ca. 120 m. to the west of St, is only 8.40 m. long, but this retains the interesting feature of a tower like projection, 2.80 m. wide and jutting out 0.63 m. from the face. This miniature tower, the stones of which project into the interior, is the first of several found in the wall. The setback on the north face of section St may have been made to serve the same purpose as these small towers. The few pottery sherds found in contact with section Ro were undatable."[1]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">In addition to this Broneer provides a drawing of this segment:[2]</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM6qbPrgdZGzeC59Or7eW4BxTJ7-QvzO1Y120RaxkheUXor3HFW8R-0eM0J-F89KLz63YfIc_30PD29aAGIEyxHciE6MxxgWm06TqlNnM43_UYTf0xcdUvdUuaIrC1cYSu4BsKmZgsiYyBJvMaiaDmuMI_hwZ2nBUcAFNI-LGuBifcyH-VyN2Ql0ia9mcC/s360/SectionRo.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="360" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM6qbPrgdZGzeC59Or7eW4BxTJ7-QvzO1Y120RaxkheUXor3HFW8R-0eM0J-F89KLz63YfIc_30PD29aAGIEyxHciE6MxxgWm06TqlNnM43_UYTf0xcdUvdUuaIrC1cYSu4BsKmZgsiYyBJvMaiaDmuMI_hwZ2nBUcAFNI-LGuBifcyH-VyN2Ql0ia9mcC/s320/SectionRo.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Segment Ro, Broneer [1966] 350, Fig. 2, no. 4.</td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The drawing provides an orientation line from which we may deduce that the line of the wall is on an azimuth of ~102.25° (or ESE). The question is 'where is Ro'? In my opinion no one presently knows. Broneer says it is '</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">on the property of Panagiota Roussi</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">'. In doing this he perpetuates a practice that cannot be sufficiently condemned - the naming of archaeological sites after the names of the people who own the property (looking at you, Emilia Kanta). In the nearly 70 years since this segment was discovered 'Panagiota Roussi' has, presumably, been translated into a brighter and more glorious sphere and it's anyone's guess who owns the property now. I suppose that this practice is thought of as a kind of 'site security' but it is really a practice of scholarly deviousness. Obscuring the locations of sites in scholarly writings is not necessary for site security. To see that just regard the work of Yannis Lolos, the eminent archaeologist of the Corinthia. In his <b><i>Land of Sikyon</i></b> he not only gives exact lat/long pairs for every one of his many discoveries, he often gives the exact coordinates of <i>each corner of the field</i> in which the discovery was made. Taking an example at random from Lolos [2011] we have HS-139, a set of ashlars for which all four coordinate pairs for the corners of the field in which it was discovered are given.[3]</span></span><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">As a result of the irresponsible practice of not giving adequate location information it now appears that no one knows where segment Ro actually is.[4]</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Do we know anything at all about where Ro is? Sort of.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">We are told that Ro is <i>about</i> 120 m. to the west of segment St. Where is St? Well, St, according to Broneer [1966] is located next to the W side of the main road that travels to Kenchreai.[5] If that's true then St would be about here: </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">37.913586 N, </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: helvetica;">23.003973 E. Broneer goes on to say: "</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: helvetica;">In the </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: helvetica;">northeast corner, close to the modern road, some of the interior fill of small stones</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: helvetica;"> was exposed, ... </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: helvetica;">" [6]. The northeast corner of the site could not be close to the modern road unless the bulk of St was on the western side of the road. Fine. Let's place it there momentarily and work forward to Segment Ro which, we'll remember, was 120 m. (about) to the W of St. Where would that put Ro? Let's look at the map:</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglV4HIMo9BT8OxWCjyOvhAe6MRZCDQNmCAZ4fy1QmtxMyTQlpo-E397mqf-eZ8IXzsEJTvtHJsyzbkAW_0ib2eRjyS7JwHu-R0iRg17723Lj-OFCSity6eQ9rrAAGSzotU1sRYPj-1h5Ef9Ha7R1yJs_I_u9k1H568cu7CkOiFrm9F29ei3XV5joCZbglg/s1768/fromSt.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1768" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglV4HIMo9BT8OxWCjyOvhAe6MRZCDQNmCAZ4fy1QmtxMyTQlpo-E397mqf-eZ8IXzsEJTvtHJsyzbkAW_0ib2eRjyS7JwHu-R0iRg17723Lj-OFCSity6eQ9rrAAGSzotU1sRYPj-1h5Ef9Ha7R1yJs_I_u9k1H568cu7CkOiFrm9F29ei3XV5joCZbglg/w640-h366/fromSt.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: helvetica;">In this photo we're looking roughly SW at the main road between Isthmia and Kenchreai. North is to the lower right. Segment St is placed near the main road on the W side per Broneer. A circle of 120 m radius is drawn centered on St. Using that circle as a guide we see that segment Ro is somewhere on top of the ridge near where the Hexamilion wall begins its turn to the S. Putting Ro here gets it in line for the next segment, Pe, which is some 600 m. further along.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: helvetica;">An expert on the Hexamilion wall, Timothy Gregory, gives us a detailed look at the entire extent of that wall and, just where we're guessed a placement for Ro is the same place where the Hexamilion wall turn</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: helvetica;">s towards the S. Gregory describes this area at the turning of the Hexamilion like this: </span><span style="font-family: arial;">"Just past 0+6,500 m. the Hexamilion reaches the end of the plateau and turns sharply to the south. At this point another tower (S-13) formed a lookout over the level ground to the east and north (Pl. 12:c). In this area, from 0+6,300 m. to beyond 0+6,500 m., the Hexamilion follows a line suggested by Oscar Broneer for a section of his Cyclopean wall across the Isthmus. According to Broneer, the wall ran along the north edge of the plateau, until the turning at Tower S-13, at which point the Cyclopean wall continued its course eastward on a nearly direct line to the Saronic Gulf. Section Ro of Broneer's wall <i>seems to be located at the bottom of the hill on this line.</i> The wall may be the one that Leake saw ..., as he speaks of two walls descending towards the sea, apparently from this point (S-13). ..."[7] Emphasis is mine.</span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gregory then discusses the possibility that the Hexamilion wall itself branched into two walls at this point (one going south and one east) and, if so, that " ... would explain the situation described by Leake in 1806. There can, however, be no question that in its original phase there was only one wall and that it turned southward at Tower S-13."[8]</span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">If we follow Gregory and assume that Ro is on the foot of the ridge then that pushes St to the eastern side of the main highway. Here I show a hypothetical position for Ro at the foot of the ridge. The circle is 120 m in radius and is centered on our hypothetical Ro. Do you see where it puts St?</span></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGY72s6RVlxTiJPIw8u0T63AB5likBC14aD-hLaXM45-JRfeSw3dVjTt03XsvDAH3bWWe5ZnWRM600tGr9idJ1lIeFl5UbfXhSeLWHMP1hqO_F8SV7Ni9Htj1i815wI9JgB2lNB8HeqNQO87wwJ6LNEiVJomHQHIcMo-g_cCuVjVX9FW8lnSsdEUA0ixw7/s1800/fromRo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1010" data-original-width="1800" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGY72s6RVlxTiJPIw8u0T63AB5likBC14aD-hLaXM45-JRfeSw3dVjTt03XsvDAH3bWWe5ZnWRM600tGr9idJ1lIeFl5UbfXhSeLWHMP1hqO_F8SV7Ni9Htj1i815wI9JgB2lNB8HeqNQO87wwJ6LNEiVJomHQHIcMo-g_cCuVjVX9FW8lnSsdEUA0ixw7/w640-h360/fromRo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Yes. It puts St on the other or eastern side of the main road which contradicts Broneer.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial;">So, if we follow Broneer, Ro is at the top of the ridge. If we follow Gregory then Ro is at the foot of the ridge. And this is what gives rise to my suspicion that the location of this little segment of wall is simply not now known to anyone.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Is there a potential solution that brings all these observations together? Maybe. It depends on whether we're willing to accept the old frontage road as the former main road that joins Kenchreae to Isthmia. Here's what that would look like:</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI0MBUQMZSYK0WXbuXlU_PWoFXuff_wsAKSZGIfrVeg0DneiUZex-Fv0Ts-rQXbRveqmqdpjWACDNfdXRzunxSkWkl3GLZR8KLkf-r37GAyMmzwpWOm-eoiYppFNe_yB_FvulBWgOILf6rjvIz2tlk4wXo80kqFbJfiYdesXwPayIcUYqEXyvwzuHuJ1Qd/s2256/Solution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2256" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI0MBUQMZSYK0WXbuXlU_PWoFXuff_wsAKSZGIfrVeg0DneiUZex-Fv0Ts-rQXbRveqmqdpjWACDNfdXRzunxSkWkl3GLZR8KLkf-r37GAyMmzwpWOm-eoiYppFNe_yB_FvulBWgOILf6rjvIz2tlk4wXo80kqFbJfiYdesXwPayIcUYqEXyvwzuHuJ1Qd/w640-h286/Solution.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Broneer's diagram suggests that the orientation of the wall at Ro (wherever it is) is on an azimuth of 102.25 degrees. I added 180 degrees to that and drew a reverse azimuth of 282.25 degrees from Sk (which position is known). That is the green line on the map.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Now we can proceed if we are able to accept that the frontage road (brownish line labelled 'Old Main Road?') is the main road as it was in 1957 when these segments were discovered. (The purple line is the modern road.) If so then we can place St roughly just to the west of the Old Road at the paddle labelled 'Hyp. St'. The red circle there is 25 m in diameter which is the length for St given in Broneer. On that green paddle I centered a circle of 120 m. radius (the yellow circle). Where that circle intersects the green azimuth line on the W I placed the paddle for Ro. It is labelled 'Hyp. Ro'. That placement of Ro seems to agree with Gregory's idea that Ro might be at the bottom of the ridge. And just at that point there begins a spur which rises to the top of Mytika ridge at the watchtower that Gregory has labelled 'S-13'. At or near this hypothetical location for Ro the line of the wall would have to turn slightly to the W in order to mount this spur.</span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">These constructions are hypothetical but, for now, I am using the corresponding positions for Ro and St in my Atlas:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Ro: C7760 37.913490° N, 23.003881° E</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">St: C7759 37.913254° N, 23.005230° E</span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b>Footnotes</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[1] Broneer [1966] 349-351.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[2] Broneer [1966] 350, Fig. 2, no. 4.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[3] Lolos [2011] 507, no. HS-139.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[4] <a href="https://squinchpix.blogspot.com/2015/12/thingsmycenologistssay.html" target="_blank">And see this</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[5] Broneer [1966] 349.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[6] <i>Ibid</i>. 349.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[7] Gregory [1993] 49.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[8] <i>Idem</i>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b>Bibliography</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Broneer [1966] : Broneer, Oscar. "The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology", <b><i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i></b> (35:4), 346-362. 1966. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147564">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Gregory [1993] : Timothy, Gregory E.,<b><i> Isthmia V, The Hexamilion and the Fortress</i></b>. American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey, 1993. ISBN: 0-87661-935-9.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Lolos [2011]: Lolos, Yannis, A., <b><i>Land of Sikyon: Archaeology and History of a Greek City-State</i></b>, Hesperia supplements, 39. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 2011, ISBN 9780876615393.</span></p></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-4952073225575983462023-10-03T08:44:00.089-07:002023-10-03T11:31:06.765-07:00'Section Pe' in Loader 6.42<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The photo at Loader [1995] II, 6.42 purports to show the section called Pe of the Cyclopean Wall first described by Broneer [1966] 351. What is actually shown is a segment of the Hexamilion Wall. </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMG52rM9QZWRiCEC4IaX3JUx-WFc1Dn2FS5NLuUlbQVT8nX4Fy4TjWXQ1p0sWdOT-F5I7F8Xd0QgdEiMbA0B6j-xi9aI-gclXivRi0R8bU7_fsa1iBLlq-4_dA0KRriYpse8Y5vIcznkM9TtA96x4MoA1qESYNRSI4cH2_lKdoGjfFUvum-nxHNXrRPRD0/s955/LoaderSectionPe_6.42.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="955" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMG52rM9QZWRiCEC4IaX3JUx-WFc1Dn2FS5NLuUlbQVT8nX4Fy4TjWXQ1p0sWdOT-F5I7F8Xd0QgdEiMbA0B6j-xi9aI-gclXivRi0R8bU7_fsa1iBLlq-4_dA0KRriYpse8Y5vIcznkM9TtA96x4MoA1qESYNRSI4cH2_lKdoGjfFUvum-nxHNXrRPRD0/w400-h261/LoaderSectionPe_6.42.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">A section of the Hexamilion Wall. The tower (on R)<br />is named 'W-4' in Gregory [1993] 31.<br />Click to enlarge.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">This photo was taken from coordinates <b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">37.932622° N, 22.966297° E and the camera was facing ~213.06°. The picture is of poor quality because it has been reproduced so many times and I have cleaned it up in Photoshop as well as I was able. </span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"> If the reader clicks to enlarge he or she will notice the <i>unmistakable </i>Hexamilion construction of sandstone ashlars about 1.0 m x 0.6 m and laid stretcher to header. The structure on the right of the picture is the watchtower that Gregory [1993] designates 'W-4'. It can also be seen on his map (Gregory [1993], Figure 5).</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">The photo setup looked like this:</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred;"></b></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixPcqo84jJSmJneafvfqr8LDfCQykz-4X5xuggHtDaGQWBz-o3aR9z9BY6itp1gTCUWNQDgoSVz3lEB5oO4iKclRZ6hVzOLSlCp8nhsCSjJZXsAahqJPVsLbMHksZ_ZukToxxlzg_1OBdSWjQAiW0sII9bkd6203jpXHS5wjsq3VIgBhJfcRrQINONnX52/s1632/6.42Setup.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1632" data-original-width="1574" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixPcqo84jJSmJneafvfqr8LDfCQykz-4X5xuggHtDaGQWBz-o3aR9z9BY6itp1gTCUWNQDgoSVz3lEB5oO4iKclRZ6hVzOLSlCp8nhsCSjJZXsAahqJPVsLbMHksZ_ZukToxxlzg_1OBdSWjQAiW0sII9bkd6203jpXHS5wjsq3VIgBhJfcRrQINONnX52/w386-h400/6.42Setup.jpg" width="386" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">White arrow points to the H. wall which runs from L to R.<br />The watch tower foundation is marked by the 'W-4' paddle.<br />The photographer stood at the bottom center at the paddle <br />marked '6.42 Pix Location'. The red line is the angle of the shot.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred;"><br /></b></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">A mistake of this sort is of little consequence. I make a point of this error because it casts a shade of ambiguity on her discussion of Pe in vol. I of Loader [1995]. Here is what she says:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"</span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">"Similarly, the rectangular towers placed along sections St, Ro, and Pe of the Isthmian wall, the latter with four rectangular towers projecting c. 0.70 m northwards from the wall face and separated at intervals of 7.90-9.50 m (Broneer 1966: 351; fig. 6.42.), would have strengthened those points of the wall where its course altered."[1]</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Section Pe of the Cyclopean wall <i>does </i>have four projections. It has, however, always been hard for me to read these as towers. Lacking any other evidence they look like buttresses. Pe does, after all, sit on the sloping ground near the top of the Mytika ridge. I illustrate this with a photograph of Pe from Broneer. [2]</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqsqORVPBOyaX2zqnP3XLsZ1CBEkesQNfe8V7TJzzTuu_-e7IZbvUJceGIIRP9AAcixCFGG5-YaSI5inhjIt-gJXFlWDmJ_FeSU1DQlxgE0n9nxYi2jEpufsjWgp7i8WoyqUpfvxF0vSyBFHW9fkBZLD70qEhRzbDJp_dtnmLIKeMaJAjSm_A1q6kQ6TFX/s1376/SegmentPe.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1376" data-original-width="1033" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqsqORVPBOyaX2zqnP3XLsZ1CBEkesQNfe8V7TJzzTuu_-e7IZbvUJceGIIRP9AAcixCFGG5-YaSI5inhjIt-gJXFlWDmJ_FeSU1DQlxgE0n9nxYi2jEpufsjWgp7i8WoyqUpfvxF0vSyBFHW9fkBZLD70qEhRzbDJp_dtnmLIKeMaJAjSm_A1q6kQ6TFX/s320/SegmentPe.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br /><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The horizontal offset/extension of these 'towers' is 0.7 m. according to Broneer. Hardly towers(?); it's easier to understand them as buttresses.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Dr. Loader is an important and influential scholar. This question does, however, go directly to the heart of the nature and purpose of Pe in particular and the Cyclopean Wall (if there was such a thing) in general. I wouldn't like to think that when she discusses the rectangular towers of Segment Pe of the Cyclopean wall that she had the undoubted towers of the Hexamilion wall in mind.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;">Footnotes</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">[1] </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Loader [1995] vol. I, p. 98</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">[2] </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Broneer [1966], Plate 81</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b>Biblio</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Broneer [1966] : Broneer, Oscar. "The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology", <b><i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i></b> (35:4), 346-362. 1966. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147564">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Gregory [1993] : Timothy, Gregory E.,<b><i> Isthmia V, The Hexamilion and the Fortress</i></b>. American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey, 1993. ISBN: 0-87661-935-9.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Loader [1995] : Loader, Nancy Claire. <b><i> The definition of cyclopean: An investigation into the origins of the LH III fortifications on mainland Greece</i></b>, Two vols., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5374/</span></p>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-87341209554139107482023-09-27T11:06:00.003-07:002023-09-27T16:36:12.003-07:00Some new photographs of Segment Sp in the Isthmian 'Mycenaean' wall<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">An associate, Dr. Hajo Becker, has travelled to Greece just this month and was kind enough to take some pictures of known segments of the 'Mycenaean' wall. [1] In this post I wanted to show a couple of his new pictures of segment Sp (<a href="https://www.helladic.info/C7769">C7769 </a>in my Atlas). First is the image available in Google Earth. The letters alpha and beta key to the corresponding letters in Becker's photos. Dr. Becker's photos were post-processed by me in Photoshop. I will have some more of Dr. Becker's photos in subsequent posts.</span></p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsBake08s_iOWVqI_B9o70wqXARK6NKQ_w4EjvOmIe5RH7QlEWb_BklGeUuw2MIKw42Qy8KQhyphenhyphenmXxF8Da_T6L67YBdlthxPXdcq4WpBbOVcHUAwSPKaeirnwZORBsXusfxlWZqVV5kGgZZjIBXCTfPIThc_pwLrZe7q0-9yWMEw18AAdZOwNVVAubkHtw/s2092/SectionSpAnnotated.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2092" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsBake08s_iOWVqI_B9o70wqXARK6NKQ_w4EjvOmIe5RH7QlEWb_BklGeUuw2MIKw42Qy8KQhyphenhyphenmXxF8Da_T6L67YBdlthxPXdcq4WpBbOVcHUAwSPKaeirnwZORBsXusfxlWZqVV5kGgZZjIBXCTfPIThc_pwLrZe7q0-9yWMEw18AAdZOwNVVAubkHtw/w400-h194/SectionSpAnnotated.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Google Earth image. The letters alpha and beta <br />correspond to the same stone in Becker's photos, below.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLVm49Ffd2-j5b3bx1iwcZSBdnc9lHwXrRBXPh6mrEvLFysI0pQstanBcbd10SlvgN3_XsCBYxQ4cH0DWsHR9B7okOLgl4xGJmYimsjdGdh9lHxxqANVuPvyOXWC08_VX9YfWpsPvXWALkUFPgaDERVZOEqmBDpU1IKDUHxPAZg9Q1qyna0lDQ4daVmrNN/s4928/C2013_230926_IsthmianWallSp%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="4928" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLVm49Ffd2-j5b3bx1iwcZSBdnc9lHwXrRBXPh6mrEvLFysI0pQstanBcbd10SlvgN3_XsCBYxQ4cH0DWsHR9B7okOLgl4xGJmYimsjdGdh9lHxxqANVuPvyOXWC08_VX9YfWpsPvXWALkUFPgaDERVZOEqmBDpU1IKDUHxPAZg9Q1qyna0lDQ4daVmrNN/w400-h265/C2013_230926_IsthmianWallSp%20small.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Center of the wall segment Sp.<br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The work of Dr. Hajo Becker, all rights reserved.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br style="text-align: left;" /></p></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwXGB6mNS10QLwGPq7Alg54xQusZmW6m1OOiru5Lg-14h1pW_F6jNNpjo3ogwW9EmqP40zUzP5vn0JQM-9bjg3nGUlNe3bchU7UQKrsMt70Ac8HXYx1GxfeAjxKHMidsnu6Mo78fIMEZPZM6mRPuXGosvcuEnD-cpGV_T-hA-5WLIUx8dAJ2PR0XEZLPgZ/s4928/C2012_230926_IsthmianWallSp%20small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="4928" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwXGB6mNS10QLwGPq7Alg54xQusZmW6m1OOiru5Lg-14h1pW_F6jNNpjo3ogwW9EmqP40zUzP5vn0JQM-9bjg3nGUlNe3bchU7UQKrsMt70Ac8HXYx1GxfeAjxKHMidsnu6Mo78fIMEZPZM6mRPuXGosvcuEnD-cpGV_T-hA-5WLIUx8dAJ2PR0XEZLPgZ/w400-h265/C2012_230926_IsthmianWallSp%20small.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">North end of the wall segment Sp.<br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">The work of Dr. Hajo Becker, all rights reserved.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">This reminds me of Greece: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamen" target="_blank">cyclamen</a>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Footnotes</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[1] Broneer [1966] 351; Kardara [1971] 85; Morgan [1999] 443.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b>Bibliography</b></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica;"><span>Broneer [1966]: Broneer, Oscar. ‘The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology’, <b><i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i></b> (35:4), pp. 346-352, 'As we proceed westward the wall ... ', pg. 351. </span><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147564">Online here</a><span>.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Kardara [1971] : Kardara, Chrysoula, “The Isthmian Wall (A retaining wall for a road?),” <i><b>AAA</b></i>, 4:1 (1971) 85-89.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Morgan [1999] : Morgan, Catherine. <i><b>Isthmia VIII; The Late Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Age Sanctuary</b></i>. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Princeton, New Jersey. USA. 1999. ISBN: 0-87661-938-3.</span></span></p><p><br /></p>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-68107236267473497432023-09-18T15:48:00.003-07:002023-10-15T13:47:23.028-07:00Archery, Accuracy, and Communal Drive Hunts<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;">The
bow available to prehistoric peoples wasn’t accurate enough to kill
game reliably beyond, perhaps, 35 m. Because of this hard limitation
hunters had to be able to approach game, such as ungulates, to within
that distance.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">This
is incredibly hard to do. Many ungulates have somewhat poor eyesight
but are excellent at motion detection. Being herd animals, a startle
by one causes all the rest to flee.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Given
this behavior, hunters must put thought into the question of
controlling animal’s flight or movement. There are a couple of
approaches. In one approach archers must be stationed (sometimes in
trees) in areas that the hunters <i><b>think</b></i> the animals will
run. The animals are then deliberately moved – often in a <i>battue</i>.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">In
the other approach the landscape must be tailored in some way to
increase the probability that the animals will run in a desired
direction. This is the origin of the ‘kite’ or game-drive system
(and, I am convinced, with the <i>c</i><i>ursus</i> in England, or
the <i>m</i><i>ustatil</i> in Arabia).[1]</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>Getting
back to the original point I have recently come across three or four
readings to justify the idea of the relatively short range accuracy
of prehistoric archery. </span>
</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>The
earliest that I have is V. <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Stefánsson
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">who
was visiting the Eskimo in the Coronation Gulf area of northern
Canada, south of Victoria Island. Of their archery he </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">says
this:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"As
to the efficiency of the bow: Tolerable accuracy; such as is needed
in shooting birds, is not secured beyond a range of twenty-five or
thirty yards. Against caribou the effective range varies with
different archers generally between seventy-five and ninety yards;
and is probably not over one hundred." [</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bout
the same period the explorer, Diamond Jenness, visited the Copper
Eskimo who also live in the</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
area around </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Coronation_Gulf">Coronation
Gulf</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
on </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Victoria_Island">Victoria
Island</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
and southern </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Banks_Island">Banks
Island</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">He,
too, tested their archery skills and reports this:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"My
own observations led me to a less favourable conclusion. Ikpakhuak
was reputed to be one of the best bowmen in Dolphin and Union strait,
and the maximum distance he could send an arrow was about 125 yards.
Even at a fixed target his marksmanship was indifferent. During the
summer of 1915 the natives set up a clod of earth about a foot square
for a target. They went back forty paces and tried their skill, but
only about one shot in twenty hit the mark. The men seemed to be no
more accurate than the children, though, their bows being stronger,
their arrows flew with more velocity. Two of the women joined in the
sport, using their husbands' or their children's bows; they acquitted
themselves hardly less creditably than the others. I frequently
watched the men shooting at ptarmigan and water-fowl, and without
exception their marksmanship was poor. It was no better even with
larger game. They could hardly fail to hit a caribou at fifteen or
twenty yards when the animal was stationary, but I have seen them
miss a running deer at this range. They themselves admit that the bow
is of little use at distances greater than about thirty yards."
[</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">R</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">asmussen
visited the Inuit near King William’s Island in 1922-3. While
there he had occasion to observe the Inuit’s archery. He says
this:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"When
I was there most grown men still had bows and arrows, but the
impression I received from their shooting practice was no great one.
A record of ten archers showed that scarcely any one of them could
hit the mark with anything like certainty at a range of about twenty
metres and it is difficult to get so near to caribou. As soon as the
range is up to thirty to fifty metres the arrow, although losing
little of its power to kill, only hits the mark by what is more or
less accident."</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Blehr
summarizes these </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">these
readings</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
like this:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;">“</span></span></span><span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">From
the Arctic we know that Inuit archers were able to hit a stationary
target with accuracy only within a range of about 23 meters
(Stefánsson 1914, p. 96; Rasmussen 1931, p. 170; cf. Jenness 1922,
p. 146).</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">” [</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">he
hard limit proposed here may be from 23 or 35 or 100 m for effective
use of the bow against ungulates. The reader will keep in mind that
to approach animals at this distance is difficult and not often
crowned with success. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>It
is for this reason that so much prehistoric hunting involved a
communal effort</b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. D.B. Shimkin, in his ethnographic study of the Shoshone says </span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">"These migrations consequently restricted effective, large-scale hunting of the buffalo to a short period in the spring, a longer one in the fall. At other times the beasts were too scattered pr tpp (<i>sic</i>, 'or too') far in enemy territory for major exploitation. These habits, combined with the buffalo's wariness and keen hearing, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>made hunting necessarily collective, organized.</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> It was a case of sudden mass slaughter or virtually none at all. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Once the animals were scared--even by a single careless individual--they would flee long distances</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">, possibly completely out of the tribe's range.". (emphases are mine) [6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Next
time I will deal with those hunting systems that do not involve drive
game systems but which rely, instead, on shepherding game into
defiles or valleys.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Footnotes</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
Cursus: Maguire [2015] reviews the evidence. For the ‘mustatil’
see Thomas et al. [2021]. Thomas gives an overview of the
phenomenon and proposes all the usual anthro-junk. There is a
readable popular account with photographs in Cascone [2021].</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Stefánsson
[1914] 96.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
Jenness [1922] 146</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
Rasmussen [1931] 170.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">]
Blehr [2014] 234. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">And
on p. 235: “Due to the arrow’s limited range, and the ungulates’
flight behaviour, various forms of communal hunting dominated all
over the world until the gun replaced the bow and arrow … ”</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">[6] Shimkin [1947] 266.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span><b><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Bibliography</span></span></span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Blehr
[2014] : Blehr, Otto. 'Elk hunting in Northern Sweden during the
Stone Age', </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><i><b>Fornvannen</b></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
(109), 233-242. 2014. Online <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279112842_Elk_hunting_in_Northern_Sweden_during_the_Stone_Age">here</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cascone
[2021] : Cascone, Sarah. 'Archaeologists Say a Mystifying Group of
Ancient Monuments in Saudi Arabia Suggests the Existence of a
Prehistoric Cattle Cult' in </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><i><b>artnet
news</b></i></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
May 4, 2021. Online <a href="http://www.helladic.info/UTIL/%22https://news.artnet.com/art-world/mustatils-saudi-arabia-older-egyptian-pyramids-1964376%22">here</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Jenness
[1922] : Jenness, Diamond. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><i><b>Report
of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18; Volume XII: The Life of
the Copper Eskimo</b></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Ottawa, F.A. Acland Printer, Canada. 1922. Diamond Jenness, p. 146
which is found <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofcoppereski00jenn/page/146/mode/2up%22">here</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maguire
[2015] : Maguire, Kristyn M., 'Topographical Relationships between
Cursus Monuments in the Upper Thames Valley', Thesis submitted for
the Master of Science in Applied Landscape Archaeology in the
Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, United
Kingdom, 2015. Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/34065024/Between_the_Lines_A_GIS_Based_Approach_to_Reading_the_Spatial_and_Topographical_Relationships_between_Cursus_Monuments_in_the_Upper_Thames_Valley">here</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rasmussen
[1931] : Rasmussen, K., 1931. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><i><b>The
Netsilik Eskimos. Social life and spiritual culture</b></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–1924, 8(2).
Copenhagen. Online <a href="https://ia903207.us.archive.org/25/items/netsilikeskimoss00rasm/netsilikeskimoss00rasm.pdf">here</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span>Shimkin [1947] : Shimkin, D.B., Anthropological Records:5:4; Wind River Shoshone Ethnogeography. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1947. Online <a href="https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar005-005.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Stefánsson,
V., 1914. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>The
Stefánsson-Anderson Arctic Expedition of the American Museum.
Preliminary ethnological report</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 14.
New York. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1914.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Online
<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcmassbookdig.stefnssonander01stef/?st=gallery">here</a>
or <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Stef%C3%A1nsson_Anderson_Arctic_Expediti/-NhBAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1">here</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Thomas
et al. [2021] : Thomas, Hugh with Melissa A. Kennedy, Matthew Dalton,
Jane McMahon, David Boyer and Rebecca Repper. 'The mustatils: cult
and monumentality in Neolithic north-western Arabia'. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><i><b>Antiquity</b></i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
95(381), 605-626. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Online
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/mustatils-cult-and-monumentality-in-neolithic-northwestern-arabia/80E2AD8B538C268E7CA5C3C29CB4EC52">here</a>.
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-24736494072377345942023-08-25T10:02:00.654-07:002023-09-13T22:23:46.718-07:00Kites, Dragons, and Other Traps<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"So twice five miles of fertile ground<br />With walls and towers were girdled round; ... "<br /><i>Kubla Khan</i></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> "... The verdurous wall of Paradise up sprung: ... "<br /><i>Paradise Lost</i> iv, 143</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The earliest prehistoric hunters clearly understood that the most efficient way to hunt large animals is to force them into a narrow space where they have room neither to maneuver nor escape.[1] The many techniques for accomplishing this have left unmistakable traces on the landscape; over the last century aerial surveys and </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">archaeology both</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> have revealed thousands of examples. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">A related hunting method is to take things out of nature's hands and introduce game into confined spaces (such as islands) to create huntable areas on otherwise unproductive land. There are indications that certain uninhabited islands in the Mediterranean were, in the Late Neolithic or the BA, deliberately stocked with populations of deer, goat, swine, or hare in order to create such at-need hunting spaces.[2]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>To create efficient animal traps h</span><span>uman populations must take advantage of the migration patterns of the ungulates (reindeer, gazelle, antelope, caribou, bison, several species of deer, and cattle such as the aurochs (</span><i>Bos primigenius)</i><span>) and build guide walls and corrals across these routes in such a way that animals would unexpectedly find themselves trapped. [3] These corrals (they are often equipped with hunting blinds) can be positioned behind large boulders or at the break of an up-sloping ridge where they cannot be seen by the game until it is too late.[4] For example it has long been the custom to trap migrating gazelle on the high Tibetan plain in just this way.[5] The walls that guide these ungulates into the corrals do not have to be substantial; nor do they require as much work as often appears.[6] Such walls often consist of no more than a long line of stones or cairns; which can even be noncontiguous. This is the case in Canada towards the Arctic Circle.[7] There, the mere presence of a few people (or even a simple human-like arrangment of stones) behind the animals or to the sides is always enough to keep them 'within bounds' so to speak.[8] By the time they encounter the inevitable corral, water barrier, or dead-fall they are well within the range of armed killers. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span> In the period after WWI, and during the course of air mail runs between Cairo and Baghdad, pilots noticed (and photographed) extensive arrangements of long stone lines in the Jordanian desert. Due to the shape of these lines the pilots began to refer to them as 'kites' or 'desert dragons'.[9] At first it was not understood what they were for or why they had been created. In the century since then investigators have discovered that t</span><span>hese extended stone structures are spread all the way across northern Africa (including along the Nile) and on into Asia from Jordan and Syria and as far as the Tibetan plateau. A good resource for investigating them is the </span><span>web page of </span><a href="https://www.globalkites.fr/" target="_blank">The Global Kites Project</a><span>. The GKP is a research initiative </span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">which is </span></b><span>funded and supported by the French Research Agency. It</span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"> maintains an online database, accessible through interactive maps, of known kites both in the Near East and in North Africa. Currently the DB has records of 6000+ kites.[10]</span></b></span></p><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">We should look at these 'kites' in a little more detail. Here is a drawing of such a kite from Armenia:</span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBr9LMkr27aOVmZW7-wHGuVZDzM_kQeQHWnmn6cxhz14axiTBgqHPd9j0UukfVg2EMbMdvfWlxuy-IEPe7y3NgeAd0rVc-1XwnSAyAAJgRpO0UmWPS1lz3zqwVsWu-wWS8LIdngYM-VTOKqbI3Fw4zNyYjkFgRtig1rYFKuSjBW4lA6xW6Y88fXaIzgT1/s1368/K10.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1368" data-original-width="1040" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBr9LMkr27aOVmZW7-wHGuVZDzM_kQeQHWnmn6cxhz14axiTBgqHPd9j0UukfVg2EMbMdvfWlxuy-IEPe7y3NgeAd0rVc-1XwnSAyAAJgRpO0UmWPS1lz3zqwVsWu-wWS8LIdngYM-VTOKqbI3Fw4zNyYjkFgRtig1rYFKuSjBW4lA6xW6Y88fXaIzgT1/w304-h400/K10.jpg" width="304" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Kite K-10 from Armenia.<br /><a href="https://www.globalkites.fr/methods">https://www.globalkites.fr/methods</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>This is kite K-10 from Armenia.[11] All the important features are shown here. The trap starts at the upper left-center at the wide opening of the 'rays' which lead the game to the closed corral at the lower right. Once the gaz</span><span>elle squeeze through the narrow opening they are within range of the shooting positions indicated by the small circles on the border.</span></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>The difference between community killing and solitary hunting is that community hunting might produce thousands of pounds of meat at the same time. This gives rise to another tell-tale sign of mass animal-harvest: the existence in the surrounding landscape of facilities required for butchering and processing the meat. Maria Zede<b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">ñ</span></b>o and her team, writing in the context of bison processing in conjunction with dead falls for bison in southern Alberta (formerly Blackfoot territory), says </span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">"Test pits and areal excavations confirmed that these clusters corresponded to living quarters as well as discrete, stratified processing areas, each with evidence of quartering, marrow extraction, bone crushing, boiling, and meat roasting."[12] In the consequent elaboration of structures associated with kites, falls, and traps Ms. </span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Zedeño suggests that e</span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">merging socio-political complexity is visible in the enormous landscape-engineering project</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">s undertaken for the creation of (ritual) wealth among restricted sectors in the group - all originating with bison falls.</span></b></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">An infusion of high-quality animal protein can make a profound difference in a prehistoric society. As a result hunting, single and communal, was a highly regarded activity. In this post I have looked at large-scale animal kills that are carried out communally. This does not exhaust the repertoire of hunting techniques. When the topography makes it possible drive lines can be done away with entirely. In my next post I want to look at some examples of game-drive systems based on defiles and valleys.</span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Next Time: Game drive systems based on valleys or defiles.</span></div><div class="separator"><br /></div><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b><i>Footnotes</i></b></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span>[1] And not just land ani</span>mals. </span></b></span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.classics.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-nicholas-purcell" target="_blank">Nicholas Purcell</a> describes fishermen using constrained spaces in order to maximize their catch: </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">"Since the routes of the shoals are far from predictable, places where their movements are topographically constrained (such as straits like Messina ... </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">*Hellespont, or lagoons and their entries) are of obvious importance." In <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary </i></span></span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">(</span></b></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Hornb</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>low</span>er and Spawforth [2012:4]), s.v. 'fishing'.</span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[2] </span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Masseti [2003] 56 explains that introducing game animals (<i>e.g</i>. goat, deer, rabbit) into otherwise barren lands, such as islands, is an important part of making these areas productive. The creation of hunting 'parks' is just as important for these areas as introduction of agriculture is for other, more fertile, areas. Introduced animals manage themselves and can be drawn upon by hunters as the need arises. </span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Some species, such as the brown hare and the wild goat, best adapted to the particular environmental conditions of small and barren islands were brought by sailors and released in order to breed and provide a store of fresh meat that would be readily available for the passengers of ships. </span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">"Several Greek islands, such as Youra, Antimilos, Crete, and the Italian islet of Montecristo (northern Tyrrhenian sea), are still inhabited today by populations of wild goats, which feature the morphological patterns of <i>C. aegagrus</i> ..." and "</span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">There is arch. evidence for the introduction of the goat <i>C. aegagrus</i>, on such Aegean islands as Crete and Ioura (N. Sporades), from the aceramic Neolithic or the Mesolithic. The date of goat bone found on Ioura was 7360 +/- 50 BP. </span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">" ... the introduction of <i>C. aegagrus</i> on Aegean islands such as Crete and Youra (northern Sporades) dates from the pre-pottery Neolithic or Mesolithic ... " </span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Masseti [2003] 57.</span></b></span></p><p><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">It <i>may be</i> this that Homer is getting at when he describes the landscape around the Cyclops' </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">island (in </span><i>Od</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">. ix):</span></span></span></span></p><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">129 " ..., a level island stretches flat across the harbor,<br />not close inshore to the cyclops' coast, not too far out,<br />thick with woods where the wild goats breed by hundreds.<br />No trampling of men to start them from their lairs,<br />No hunters ... ever raid their haven."<br /><br />137 "- the island just feeds droves of bleating goats."</span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">The introduction of fallow deer (<i>Dama dama)</i> is specifically mentioned in connection with islands in the eastern Mediterranean basin such as Aghios Petros (</span></b></span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">in the Sporades and off-shore to Kira Panagia)</span></b></span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">, Saliagos (</span></b></span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">between Paros and Antiparos</span></b></span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">), Rhodes, and Crete. This was done specifically for breeding and providing a supply of meat. Masseti et al. [2008] 843.</span></b></span></b></p><p><span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">[3] "</span></b></span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Long stone walls meander across the landscape or run for kilometres towards often highly elaborate enclosures designed to trap herds of wild animals, primarily gazelle. This technique is one that occurs in many and diverse forms across the world in places where large herds of animals congregate or migrate." Betts and van Pelt [2021], 26-7. Fle<span style="background-color: white;">tcher explains that l</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica;">arge structures made of low stone walls were used to guide, trap, and kill migrating gazelle in the Syrian desert in Fletcher [2011] pos. 1312.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[4] Brochier et al. [2014] 28 noticed such hidden corrals in more than 80% of such traps that they studied on Mt. Aragats in Armenia. "The slope break at the entrance to the enclosure, often mentioned in the literature, is frequently found in the Aragats kites (...); this serves to mask the presence of the enclosure for the animals driven between the antennae before they enter it." And in Fletcher [2011] pos. 1325: "The gazelle traps consist of lines of stones sometimes extending several kilometres, ... , then converging and terminating, <i>sometimes over a slight rise so that approaching herds could not see what awaited them</i>, in roughly circular stone walled corrals off which smaller pens opened." (emphasis mine)</span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[5] For gazelle trapping using game-drive systems in Tibet see Huber [2005]; </span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Fox and Dorji [2006].</span></b></span></p><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">[6] Benedict [2005] 427. </span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">"Continuous drive walls can be as much as a kilometer long and up to a meter high ... An experiment conducted by Cassells (2000) suggests that 10 hunters could build such a wall in about 2.75 h — provided loose rocks were available everywhere along its course, and that hunters in an oxygen-poor environment could sustain the short-term effort put forth by Cassells<span>'s field crew."</span></span></b></span></b></p><p><span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">[7] </span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">The Blackfoot would build game-drive systems of converging drive line walls which were built of small rock piles - usually about 3-5 m. apart. </span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">"Simple funnels (fig. 4B) consist of two main drive lines built of small rock piles placed equidistantly from one another, usually 3–5 m apart; ... ". </span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Zedeño et al. [2014] 31. </span></b></span></p><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><div><span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[8] </span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Hub</span><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">er [2005] 12. The 'stupidity' of these animals is often remarked. Stef<b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">á</span></span></b>nsson is quoted in Benedict [2005] 432: </span></b></span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">' "It seems absurd," wrote Stefánsson (1921, p. 402), "that two stones, one on top of the o<span>ther, reaching an elevation of only a foot, should be feared as much by the caribou as actual persons but that appears to be the fact." </span></span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span> Huber does not quite say but I wou</span>ld speculate that these ungulates are instinctively aware that danger of ankle injury is greater on rocky ground and so they tend to edge away from stones.</span></b></span></div><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[9] Fletcher [2011] pos. 1310-15.</span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[10] The GKP </span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">interactive map is <a href="https://www.globalkites.fr/Interactive-map">here</a>. In addition to their excellent database the GKP also conducts</span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span> field work sites in Jordan, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia, and Armenia. The site photographs are invaluable and there is a bibliography. The reader should keep in mind that the database is only partial. The GKP does not seem to track Tibetan kites nor any of the hundreds of such sites in North or South America. The total number of such structures in all parts of the world should exceed 10,000. There are some draw-backs to their online implementation. There is no way to look up a kite by name. One must drill-down from the map to the specific kite you may wish to know about (if you even know that it exists) and then click on </span>the 'details' button.</span></b></span></p><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">[11] For more on the use of kites for gazelle-trapping in Armenia see Barge et al. [2021].</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[12] <b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"> Zedeño et al. [2014] 41. See the map of the Kutoyis Complex on p. 37.</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><b><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><i>Bibliography</i></span></b></p><p><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Barge et al [2021] : Barge, Olivier with Jacques Elie Brochier, Jwana Chahoud, C. Chataigner. 'Hunting with kites in Armenia'. In Betts and van Pelt [2021], pp. 105-126. 2021.</span></b></p><p><span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Benedict [2005] : Benedict, James B., 'Tundra Game Drives: an Arctic-Alpine Comparison', </span><i>Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> (37:4) 425-434. 2005. </span></span></b></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Online <a href="https://bioone.org/journalArticle/Download?urlId=10.1657%2F1523-0430%282005%29037%5B0425%3ATGDAAC%5D2.0.CO%3B2">here</a>.</span></b></span></b></span></p><p><b><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Betts and van Pelt [2021] : Betts, Alison and W. Paul van Pelt. <i><b>The Gazelle's Dream; Game Drives of the Old and New Worlds</b></i>. Sydney University Press. Sydney, Australia. 2021. ISBN: 9781743327593.</span></b></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Brochier et al. [2014] : Brochier, Jacques Élie with Olivier Barge, Christine Chataigner, Marie-Laure Chambrade, Arkadi Karakhanyan, Iren Kalantaryan, Frédéric Magnin. 'Kites on the margins. The Aragats k<span style="background-color: white;">ites in Armenia', <i><b>Paléorient</b></i> (40:1), pp. 25-53. 2014. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24672268">here</a>.</span></span></b></span></b></p><p><span><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span>Fletcher [2011] : Fletcher, John. </span><span><b><i>Gardens of Earthly Delight: The History of Deer Parks.</i></b></span><span> Windgather Press. Kindle Edition. 2011.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span>Fox and Dorji [2006] : Fox, Joseph L. and Tsechoe Dorji. 'Traditional Hunting of Tibetan Antelope, Its Relation to Antelope Migration, and Its Rapid Transformation in the Western Chang Tang Nature Reserve', <i><b>Arctic Antarctic </b></i></span></span></span></span><i style="background-color: white;"><b>and Alpine Research</b></i><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">(41:2) 204-211. 2009. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Online</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tsechoe-Dorji/publication/250069734_Traditional_Hunting_of_Tibetan_Antelope_Its_Relation_to_Antelope_Migration_and_Its_Rapid_Transformation_in_the_Western_Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve/links/0deec5308872eede98000000/Traditional-Hunting-of-Tibetan-Antelope-Its-Relation-to-Antelope-Migration-and-Its-Rapid-Transformation-in-the-Western-Chang-Tang-Nature-Reserve.pdf" style="background-color: white;">here</a><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></p><p><span><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white;">Hornblower and Spawforth [2012] : </span><span><span style="background-color: white;"> Hornblower, Simon and Anthony Spawforth (edd.), <b><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary<sup>4</sup></i></b>,</span> Oxford University Press. Oxford, United Kingdom. 2012.</span></span></span></p><p><b><span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Huber [2005] : Huber, Toni. 'Antelope hu</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nting in northern Tibet: cultural adaptations to wildlife behaviour', Wildlife and plant</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">s <span style="background-color: white;">in traditional and modern Tibet: conceptions, exploitation and conservation. </span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><i>Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano<span style="font-weight: normal;">, Italy</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">, (33:1) pp. 5-17. 2005.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Online </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298024447_Antelope_hunting_in_northern_Tibet_Cultural_adaptations_to_animal_behaviour_Wildlife_and_plants_in_traditional_and_modern_Tibet_conceptions_exploitation_and_conservation" style="font-weight: normal;">here</a><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: darkred; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span>Massetti [2003] : Massetti, Marco. 'Holocene endemic and non endemic mammals of the Aegean islands', pp. </span></span><span face=""GT America Standard", Helvetica, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Droid Sans", sans-serif" style="color: #343332; letter-spacing: -0.32px;">53-63 in</span><span> <b><i>British School at Athens Studies</i></b>, <b><i>Vol. 9: Zooarchaeology in Greece: Recent Advances</i></b>. 2003. </span><span>Online </span><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40960332">here</a><span>.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Masseti et al. [2008] : Masseti, Marco with Elena Pecchioli and Cristiano Vernesi, 'Phylogeography of the last surviving populations of Rhodian and Anatolian fallow deer (<i>Dama dama dama</i> L., 1758)', pp. 835-844 in <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i> (93), 2008. Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/7977826/Phylogeography_of_the_last_surviving_populations_of_Rhodian_and_Anatolian_fallow_deer_Dama_dama_dama_L_1758_">here</a>.</span></p><p><span><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Stef</span></span></b><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">á</span></span></b></span><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">nsson [1921] : Stefánsson, V., </span><i><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The Friendly Arctic. The Story of Five Years in Polar Regions</span></i><span style="font-family: helvetica;">.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white;"> New York: The Macmillan C</span>ompany. 1921. </span></span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span class="a-text-bold" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111;">ASIN </span><span class="a-text-bold" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-weight: 700;"> : </span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111;">B099MJ2ZN4.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111;"><b style="color: darkred;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Zedeño et al. [2014] : Zedeño, Maria Nieves with Jesse A. M. Ballenger and John R. Murray. 'Landscape Engineering and Organizational Complexity among Late Prehistoric Bison Hunters of the Northwestern Plains', <i><b>Current Anthropology</b></i>, (55:1), pp. 23-58 . 2014. Online <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/674535">here</a>.</span></b></span></span></p></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-88544653605600760512023-07-14T18:50:00.006-07:002023-07-14T18:51:55.805-07:00Locating Segment Pe of the 'Cyclopean Wall' in Isthmia<p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The segment itself is about 45 m. long and it stretches along the brow of the hill. It looks like this:</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkB9cDVqgOX07hTp_zJgjboxbmhHWo9C9ASPP3JHr4q03LbVLhzRom4kPnFQspm4quEI228R1IxMW-3Hhttfy85Lzns4p2V-ccmBOUI3zdhsx7aoU9Dp3W9-5k1UaxWnSU26QK4KhJDGr9Z01QvnqpyvywFUy4RMJUir1zx6QQEIfjbzScjLUytzbn6jSX/s1376/SegmentPe.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1376" data-original-width="1033" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkB9cDVqgOX07hTp_zJgjboxbmhHWo9C9ASPP3JHr4q03LbVLhzRom4kPnFQspm4quEI228R1IxMW-3Hhttfy85Lzns4p2V-ccmBOUI3zdhsx7aoU9Dp3W9-5k1UaxWnSU26QK4KhJDGr9Z01QvnqpyvywFUy4RMJUir1zx6QQEIfjbzScjLUytzbn6jSX/w300-h400/SegmentPe.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From Broneer [1966].<br />This is segment Pe and it shows the extending 'towers' which<br />are more than likely just buttresses.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><p> The following is a view of the portion of Mytika ridge where segment Pe of the Cyclopean wall is thought to be. The bottom end (lower right) of the red line is at 37.913079° N, 22.996216° E</p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhri8ccYZAuG46kGOgUAWzI0y1s79RqREYhVewLxkgm6PGFE76dhVJkrzBxbCUo0ciWCMr3FdOilmzoWEweILatEJHnbrM896-LUy6nfcDxQ7PucJu4KBx-sOO8Ib1Je5wM-sycOOKYt2qnidXIFK-znu2-tITvJqPMafG18nLsHCUtRH2gty7JuNYhAqWb/s2092/SlopeFromRoadLookingUp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2092" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhri8ccYZAuG46kGOgUAWzI0y1s79RqREYhVewLxkgm6PGFE76dhVJkrzBxbCUo0ciWCMr3FdOilmzoWEweILatEJHnbrM896-LUy6nfcDxQ7PucJu4KBx-sOO8Ib1Je5wM-sycOOKYt2qnidXIFK-znu2-tITvJqPMafG18nLsHCUtRH2gty7JuNYhAqWb/w640-h310/SlopeFromRoadLookingUp.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Segment Pe is called 'C7761' in this atlas.<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Here we're looking at the slope with north at the bottom. This ridge slopes towards the north.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaIxTVkNUs1PUYPerEKqtxpHiGiIQYjGsNh7A96W7GTV7ayHm9Xwvz_2CpB6BqWpjrjuutccdfNSK-wfcpBtkYnsaZGzU5C0yugAQW7yLB9vMN_81_VCcQT8RwmfUDyy0HRVhr-MwZiDft4wBJgwvC2SEFAifndaGjvOoZpJ8zQRtnC1BemTogZer72okp/s2092/ViewoftheSlope.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2092" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaIxTVkNUs1PUYPerEKqtxpHiGiIQYjGsNh7A96W7GTV7ayHm9Xwvz_2CpB6BqWpjrjuutccdfNSK-wfcpBtkYnsaZGzU5C0yugAQW7yLB9vMN_81_VCcQT8RwmfUDyy0HRVhr-MwZiDft4wBJgwvC2SEFAifndaGjvOoZpJ8zQRtnC1BemTogZer72okp/w640-h310/ViewoftheSlope.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bottom of the slope is at the bottom of the picture.<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><p>Looking at it from above and with North at the top:</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp8nH7irqk-DwBTKHGhhUP_4D-3XJu8m0rYrrckdfOCxPovdlG-nb688PF2gDWssPnQu4Bl2qh-FO8JkoymQEpO4NvM2k9v8R9bfrXKuB1kwN1JspHPCqn3Sxa3Dx3CMJhK5SgDNH59cIi_M_e0zgNnWdqBNse2gnMI5Cs47vFqSsaXO7BFO2BD5oIa1i1/s2092/VeiwFromAbove.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2092" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp8nH7irqk-DwBTKHGhhUP_4D-3XJu8m0rYrrckdfOCxPovdlG-nb688PF2gDWssPnQu4Bl2qh-FO8JkoymQEpO4NvM2k9v8R9bfrXKuB1kwN1JspHPCqn3Sxa3Dx3CMJhK5SgDNH59cIi_M_e0zgNnWdqBNse2gnMI5Cs47vFqSsaXO7BFO2BD5oIa1i1/w640-h310/VeiwFromAbove.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bottom of the slope is at the top. The wall segment is ~45 m in length <br />and might reach as far as the arrow marked 'Might start here'.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQORFCP41lkHz3ZdPOw-jZ466Xg8nKxHfTD7o1rR_HeUh2bpQVHfR8KP5J1j-n4nDUT9foQjOipVQG8j7x31D0FiFKmyRrXJaRIIUoEk87UtQab4a2PpycVetRluVjeIztkrFU0_DeL3uA6vrhELFQl5B_X-T1eTcfTccoBint-o6q3muL0QnRGlEnuudb/s2094/WithGoogleStreetView.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1010" data-original-width="2094" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQORFCP41lkHz3ZdPOw-jZ466Xg8nKxHfTD7o1rR_HeUh2bpQVHfR8KP5J1j-n4nDUT9foQjOipVQG8j7x31D0FiFKmyRrXJaRIIUoEk87UtQab4a2PpycVetRluVjeIztkrFU0_DeL3uA6vrhELFQl5B_X-T1eTcfTccoBint-o6q3muL0QnRGlEnuudb/w640-h308/WithGoogleStreetView.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The blue line in the bottom right shows Google Street View's route. <br />The arrow points to the closest point GSV will take you to the feature.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ExGs2PF29mAuYvoDlw_4C5C8aH2EcK7ESaODFOPegvuAYCfBXeXynHBjognI-_PNBlkGQbInFam1U5ULGYCrAQVxHSANJMG6P43pgf07b8M66N31owgDOj-ObRHZhGYmtk-G3s_jt27ya3Lsj_lRkL9ZDUHvFZd22nAxgWd0u9NDXTQJp5QDZAXvrqyq/s2092/C7761GoogleStreetView.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2092" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ExGs2PF29mAuYvoDlw_4C5C8aH2EcK7ESaODFOPegvuAYCfBXeXynHBjognI-_PNBlkGQbInFam1U5ULGYCrAQVxHSANJMG6P43pgf07b8M66N31owgDOj-ObRHZhGYmtk-G3s_jt27ya3Lsj_lRkL9ZDUHvFZd22nAxgWd0u9NDXTQJp5QDZAXvrqyq/w640-h310/C7761GoogleStreetView.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is the scene in Google Street View. <br />This is the place where you turn in the previous illustration.<br />Segment Pe should be directly ahead of you and just off the slope.<br />The direction is almost directly West.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>I believe that this wall starts about 32 m. in front of you. It is about 65 m (same direction) to the C7761 feature marker. As you can see from the first picture the wall drops off sharply about 2 m. It could be overgrown. It's imperative to watch your step because this might make a nasty fall.</p><p><br /></p>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-10131188159308204272023-07-03T18:15:00.005-07:002023-07-04T05:30:28.465-07:00I, Mastodon<p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">I fled the bird site at the time that E.M. bought it. Besides the rank presence of the odious and deeply stupid Musk I learned that the bone saw artists were also major financial backers of Twitter. They are all bitter and vicious anti-Semites. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Libre Franklin";">You cannot cooperate with evil. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Libre Franklin";">Not even a little bit. </span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">I am now on Mastodon <a href="http://@mycenaean_guy@mastodon.social" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrneOemJMAdPknN9z5N7RX_5VeDPd9eM3BcW2fIMxau5MidK6Z9avFZdp2Q-ueaMnvHIrimsw0SdSVFST7RPXjQFmdRxzBNOyrSbXvUdaiOGv_MeDAv2eN_F0_KP6iR0QNH621XRNlXyOCCatCLLHwTiysEKPQITzCxUv6B8J_jbm09akx6x-En9XhliCZ/s883/Mastodon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="837" data-original-width="883" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrneOemJMAdPknN9z5N7RX_5VeDPd9eM3BcW2fIMxau5MidK6Z9avFZdp2Q-ueaMnvHIrimsw0SdSVFST7RPXjQFmdRxzBNOyrSbXvUdaiOGv_MeDAv2eN_F0_KP6iR0QNH621XRNlXyOCCatCLLHwTiysEKPQITzCxUv6B8J_jbm09akx6x-En9XhliCZ/s320/Mastodon.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-67792082809677405292023-06-04T13:21:01.036-07:002023-10-18T08:44:38.286-07:00Kites, Dragons, and other Traps2<div class="separator"><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Ancient myths and stories lead us to think that hunting among the Greeks was a solitary activity. for example Actaeon is accompanied only by his hounds during his famous encounter with the godhead. Herakles overcame the Cerynaean Hind and the Erymanthian Boar without the help of beaters and Odysseus is alone when he encounters the stag on Circe's island. </span><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">A gold ring from shaft grave IV at Mycenae depicts an archer pursuing deer (</span><i style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">Cervus elaphus</i><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">?) from a chariot. </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";"> He is accompanied only by his charioteer.</span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOPPYU_OtuGUvk-ItMIaVpPDKW1g5YQDbTYcEzASq7-kYBasTQ01qHICS7phS8VEoosH2gdonxEqpp04oQIj0CgC-nMMF_wGIr48UeCswSJ4asuDd6qdNdpKxVc41g_qIcfYs-LpXHqIp7_Wj5fmhqwA3ZrSrg0payl79W8JBxM4p45Wr5n8gNR80QdA/s1422/Ring.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="1422" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOPPYU_OtuGUvk-ItMIaVpPDKW1g5YQDbTYcEzASq7-kYBasTQ01qHICS7phS8VEoosH2gdonxEqpp04oQIj0CgC-nMMF_wGIr48UeCswSJ4asuDd6qdNdpKxVc41g_qIcfYs-LpXHqIp7_Wj5fmhqwA3ZrSrg0payl79W8JBxM4p45Wr5n8gNR80QdA/w571-h170/Ring.jpg" width="571" /></a></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><br /></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Of course the old stories, paintings, seals or metalwork are not textbooks of hunting; </span>These fabulous narratives prioritize the moment of encounter and the courage, the determination, or the blind defiance of the protagonists.[1]</span></div><div class="separator"><br /></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Despite the stories, in the Greek world it would have been much more common to hunt in groups. Certain types of game, boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) for example or aurochs (<i>Bos primigenius</i>), are so dangerous that even the myths don't contradict the common wisdom that it would be mad for them to be pursued </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";"> by </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">individuals</span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">. The Calydonian boar, for example, can only be subdued by a group which consisted of Meleager and his uncles.[2] Odysseus is with a hunting party when he is wounded by a wild boar in </span><i style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">Odyssey </i><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">xix.</span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Hunting in groups would also have been common in the Bronze Age. T</span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">he Mycenaeans would not have supposed that the princes of that ancient town customarily traversed the countryside in lonely chariots hoping to encounter a deer. </span></div><div class="separator"><br /></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">The taking of deer (or other ungulates) was such an important activity for the community that it always involved a large group. The actual shooting of deer would</span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";"> be just the middle stage of a large and elaborate production. Crucial preparations were carried out before the killing and a long series of necessary activities after it. Supplying the community with meat </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">involved large numbers of beaters, dogs, nets, and a number of spearmen and/or archers, along with all the necessary machinery for butchering, preserving, caching, and distributing the bag.[3] </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">One can compare this assemblage to that of Bathurst Inlet in Canada where we find not only killing site(s) but evidence of all the other activities to which I alluded above; an entire landscape devoted to the taking and processing of game.[4a]</span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">For the prehistoric period we have few direct glimpses of communal hunting. There is some suggestive evidence from the cave at Klissoura that deer could be trapped in the narrow valley and slaughtered. [4] The ring I mentioned suggests that at least some deer were taken by archers (the other alternative is lances). </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">One of the gold cups from Vapheio depicts a group of hunters pursuing the Aurochs (</span><i style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">Bos primigenius</i><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">) </span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghQlo9eH2VLNndZXG74PBiMrJkP23WZ3kaW5ySqwe_0jjmaInzJBrT54El6_k1SUGTbvwWVWlkiJoSxHfUqJ2DeI__hMCz2y1CFrhvXpWmTQs_2GMygLuN3ipoO2PhcDrlClPTBU-LArGrBEqx7Tjgcq_aqWFfhMpJf2lhac2n9ikcBcTmX34wO2A30g/s1691/VapheioCupNets.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="970" data-original-width="1691" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghQlo9eH2VLNndZXG74PBiMrJkP23WZ3kaW5ySqwe_0jjmaInzJBrT54El6_k1SUGTbvwWVWlkiJoSxHfUqJ2DeI__hMCz2y1CFrhvXpWmTQs_2GMygLuN3ipoO2PhcDrlClPTBU-LArGrBEqx7Tjgcq_aqWFfhMpJf2lhac2n9ikcBcTmX34wO2A30g/w640-h368/VapheioCupNets.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Upper panel shows Aurochs being pursued with nets.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">This depiction confirms several things. Groups were involved in a hunt. The presence of nets shows us that hunting relied on techniques (this could include hedges and woven panels) which funneled the game into a small space where killing and/or capturing was simplified.</span></div><div class="separator"><br /></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">In the ancient world hunting techniques were structured so that game </span><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">was not just encountered by chance. As I mentioned above game-killing was a semi-industrial activity involving large groups of beaters driving game down fixed routes and into the arms of the killers and the processors. </span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">How were these fixed routes determined and how did the ambushers know where to wait? Since at least the Paleolithic communities have laid out boundaries in long lines to guide animals.[4b] These boundaries could consist of stone walls, lines of cairns, nets, hedges, or combinations of berm and ditch. These 'game lines' or 'kites' are found all over the world and suggest that groups of humans driving (usually migrating) game into killing traps has been the norm for the last ten thousand years. These kites, particularly common in the lands around the Levant, derive their name from the period after World War I when pilots were flying the mails from Cairo to Damascus and Babylon. Looking down they noticed many stone structures, of unknown purpose, laid out in long lines. The various shapes of the resulting figures suggested 'kites' or 'desert dragons'. </span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><div class="separator" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"> Here's an example of such a kite in Jordan seen from an altitude of ~660 m. The guide lines ('the funnel') are shown truncated at the upper and lower left. The corral structure is about 100 m. from E to W and the funnel line that leads to it (the upper left) is about 700 m long. The circles at the vertices are probably shooting positions. They average about 2.5 - 3 m in diameter. The intended game here is antelope.</span></div><div class="separator" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc8oLF1MiyvyCBd3-9ZjS79Mz12hn8WxBZ_q8y4WRNJeLQ86vnSyJo1EavDkMq3PpxYMUaZAUDBfmUtGvaweC-iNU0fdfyrhxgpxzoOmulefUnVCKuvPgxbEJW5BzPOPfzdAgGB3fxNpoWgNo90czRkmIeiBz2fmA7CB8s97RHAhdzQX_YTMwDaTld-Q/s1280/Kite1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1003" data-original-width="1280" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc8oLF1MiyvyCBd3-9ZjS79Mz12hn8WxBZ_q8y4WRNJeLQ86vnSyJo1EavDkMq3PpxYMUaZAUDBfmUtGvaweC-iNU0fdfyrhxgpxzoOmulefUnVCKuvPgxbEJW5BzPOPfzdAgGB3fxNpoWgNo90czRkmIeiBz2fmA7CB8s97RHAhdzQX_YTMwDaTld-Q/s320/Kite1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Desert kite in Lebanon<br />at 32.177468° N, 37.224406° E<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">The game drive technique is easy to implement. Communal groups lay out long lines of stones or cairns along the route which they wish the game to take. Where they begin these lines or 'rays' are wide apart but are made to gradually converge to form a V-shaped funnel. The game are driven into the open end of this funnel. Groups of men and boys (usually at some small distance) wave their arms and make noises such that the game gradually end up in a corral (or are made to walk past shooting positions which are often merely pits or circles of stones). There are variations, of course. The end position is often hidden by a break in the slope so that the creatures cannot see where they are going until it is too late. The end position may place the game against a body of water into which they might be forced. Sometimes the end position may be a dead fall - such the situation among the Blackfoot Indians already mentioned.</span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">An organization called 'Globalkites' makes available an online database of such kites. This database records<b><i> more than 6000</i></b> such structures across much of the old world. [5] Because they do not yet include kites for Nubia, Tibet, Europe or the Americas their count of game-drive systems is probably half the real number.[6]</span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDjIZZ2zr4nGv5BDtD9LiGVF1sHHPGbkYl-lvgAZLVEpklWn-FYOi_RGFdzInIi-jg_hJSdp6GscyQSPb-xnGu0TYYtpBmsiLX1i1_HD4rg-3hoBh7dDtYn6xEjFdzCXfBEA82O2YxM35Aoo8-8URB-2ok7pLmZK-UBli1vQ4E4z9kH5VzxNSZvW6ENDGx/s1294/Kite-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="1294" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDjIZZ2zr4nGv5BDtD9LiGVF1sHHPGbkYl-lvgAZLVEpklWn-FYOi_RGFdzInIi-jg_hJSdp6GscyQSPb-xnGu0TYYtpBmsiLX1i1_HD4rg-3hoBh7dDtYn6xEjFdzCXfBEA82O2YxM35Aoo8-8URB-2ok7pLmZK-UBli1vQ4E4z9kH5VzxNSZvW6ENDGx/w400-h204/Kite-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">A coverage map by the Globalkites group. The<br />areas where kites are recorded include West Africa, Saudi Arabia, <br />Lebanon, Syria, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. </span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div class="separator"><br /></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">A variant of such a 'game drive system' is also used for hunting caribou and reindeer. Game-taking on the open tundra in this manner has been practiced since the Paleolithic. </span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> John Olsen documents the hunting of raindeer in southern Norway (</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Lake Vangavatnet</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">) [8] by the use of an impound system [A] that he terms a 'funnel-trap' </span></div><div class="separator"><br /></div><div class="separator"><br /></div><div class="separator"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeHFM5i98WGit8fdX_tWeNloXqpdLDZX0BmqI_P1cMVjmtR2OBcCxFGut2QBLjnO_T2a2YnFrm8Hjn1rZQZG0BF_AzD_2F1ZN4h02g2xz9MxaCF5Jyp2eHvrfLbjdCeZUpkiu0fHH3SxMcN8Fb3ZoB38E-SBKVZoGLNWpd2iB3AvjDLZrAKVJjtpw1wQ/s688/Olsen_RaindeerFunnel.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="688" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeHFM5i98WGit8fdX_tWeNloXqpdLDZX0BmqI_P1cMVjmtR2OBcCxFGut2QBLjnO_T2a2YnFrm8Hjn1rZQZG0BF_AzD_2F1ZN4h02g2xz9MxaCF5Jyp2eHvrfLbjdCeZUpkiu0fHH3SxMcN8Fb3ZoB38E-SBKVZoGLNWpd2iB3AvjDLZrAKVJjtpw1wQ/w400-h299/Olsen_RaindeerFunnel.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Olsen's caption:<br />"The system at Slådalen in Reinheimen area was almost <b>three kilometres long</b> and consisted of upright poles. Here, the animals were herded into an enclosure before being moved in groups to the killing ground (ill. by Norwegian Institute for Nature Research)."<br /><br /></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><p></p><p><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">This is a good example of a game drive system on [9] The trap is nothing but a series of upright poles into which the reindeer are driven. Once they're funneled into the </span><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">corral they can be sorted for domestication or killing. </span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">What is genuinely counter-intuitive about this method of hunting is that these stone lines (even when they are continuous) are rarely very high; in all cases the game can easily step over them but do not do so.[7] </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Scotland provides examples of a rather different type of game drive systems. The Reverend Donald Maclean (1796) gives an account of such a system on the island of Rum in the inner Hebrides: "Before the use of fire arms, their method of killing deer was as follows: On each side of a glen, formed by two mountains, stone dykes were begun pretty high in the mountains, and carried to the lower part of the valley, always drawing nearer, till within 3 or 4 feet of each other. From this narrow pass, a circular space was enclosed by a stone wall, of a height sufficient to confine the deer ; to this place they were pursued and destroyed. The vestige of one of these enclosures is still to be seen in Rum." [10]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">It appears that game drive systems in Scotland did not always consist of walls. Dean Monro tells us that sometimes it was only necessary to drive game between two bodies of water. On the island of Jura in the Inner Hebrides the Dean tells us that</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">"… there are two salt water lochs meeting each other through the middle of the island to within half a mile. And all the deer of the west part of the forest will be brought by an encircling movement to that narrow entry, and the next day brought west again by the same movement, through the same narrow place, and an infinite number of deer will be slain there." </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">[B] </span></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0qL4h8My4gvCFF3Xi-slcIBl_n_gple02FgPT7MYxrc2rT0kY5IIumiKGJOxaORHMHj5lOweV1IPvdK9tuKvZ3KQ7yz8j7suW_dhJt4UOwwHpHYyvb-WXqyFdlTh6CGwjTteDmFZCGxO9UWkjfIEMjKaIdXHEijK000EwWFQJfJL7z1t4Id6AT4hpAojJ/s2167/Jura.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="2167" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0qL4h8My4gvCFF3Xi-slcIBl_n_gple02FgPT7MYxrc2rT0kY5IIumiKGJOxaORHMHj5lOweV1IPvdK9tuKvZ3KQ7yz8j7suW_dhJt4UOwwHpHYyvb-WXqyFdlTh6CGwjTteDmFZCGxO9UWkjfIEMjKaIdXHEijK000EwWFQJfJL7z1t4Id6AT4hpAojJ/w640-h282/Jura.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">The area of Jura under discussion. The red circle is centered on Tarbert Bay <br />and extends to Tarbert Loch on the W. Today this is a distance of 0.77 miles.<br />The possible route onto which the deer were forced <b><i>may</i></b> be at the red arrow</span>. </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span><p></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Narrow valleys or glens would suffice for the channeling of deer.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Glen of the</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span> Bar (</span>55.007110° N, 4.380103° W<span>) is a narrow va</span></span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">lley reputed as a place for trapping deer.</span></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjJR8PDKeby6_wvTFtgQGvbnMdLU4LvTbQBSgUuOrZwGaPmKY_Ss6dQpocK9diXOH9Zp-Pg0sht2R1ViYzO18QtzKCWhejVzQDj02pPUKDJ5Feqc5y3iJXGqCH6NMFsDcnhMJH6XU15lfLGHH1YyKrDq-AlYllt9FMIHM06oh5ECs0WJY9GS0NuBnnaJ8g/s1660/GlenOfTheBar.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1005" data-original-width="1660" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjJR8PDKeby6_wvTFtgQGvbnMdLU4LvTbQBSgUuOrZwGaPmKY_Ss6dQpocK9diXOH9Zp-Pg0sht2R1ViYzO18QtzKCWhejVzQDj02pPUKDJ5Feqc5y3iJXGqCH6NMFsDcnhMJH6XU15lfLGHH1YyKrDq-AlYllt9FMIHM06oh5ECs0WJY9GS0NuBnnaJ8g/s320/GlenOfTheBar.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Glen of the Bar. Letter 'A' marks the <br />high point of the valley and the spectator<br />lookout.</span><br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZoVkvo_wFhu9kx7nPi6SYpLXJALIWGH8ntv2MN2sBF2y1A3iTxo0xc7oYasVnjmMR-WMBII7diGIf18xX6iaTAfa3Ju0NCTOtXxICMifbLvAKi-IPTzHyMPsIsdtGkZhesZ1eEyhM0JvjTZblbLcaWqf2v2yapUdjVu71ce_wfDbohZYPemysNWNagjv/s1660/GlenOfTheBar2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1005" data-original-width="1660" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZoVkvo_wFhu9kx7nPi6SYpLXJALIWGH8ntv2MN2sBF2y1A3iTxo0xc7oYasVnjmMR-WMBII7diGIf18xX6iaTAfa3Ju0NCTOtXxICMifbLvAKi-IPTzHyMPsIsdtGkZhesZ1eEyhM0JvjTZblbLcaWqf2v2yapUdjVu71ce_wfDbohZYPemysNWNagjv/s320/GlenOfTheBar2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Glen of the Bar from the lookout. <br />View is to S.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Another drive system installed on 'low ground' is at Loch Ruthven. </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">"The Strathnairn Elrick is near the east end of Loch Ruthven, on the low ground, where there is a pass or small glen, overlooked by a 'cragan'."[11] </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Watson may be referring to the low ground here: 57.323329° N, 4.247311° W. The map shows it as 'Elrig'.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">The word 'Elrick' or 'Elrig' features often as a place name in Scotland. The word means 'Deer Trap'. [12]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><b>Summary</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Hunting in antiquity was often carried out by large groups. Sometimes, as with boar, the quarry was too dangerous to approach by one person.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">But even Hunting of ungulates in antiquity was often carried out by large groups of people taking multiple deer at the same time.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">This activity was seasonal. Does going north with baby deer to feeding grounds after birthing.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">What was used were narrow valleys, netted or hedged structures, as well as lines of rocks, cairns or poles which would </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">serve to draw the deer (Red Deer, Fallow Deer, Roe Deer) or other ungulates (antelope, gazelle, reindeer, caribou) into a central killing or capture zone. These drive structures were usually accompanied by specific hides or ambush sites..</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">Kill sites </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">Hunting was often not just an activity. It was a landscape</span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">. That is because many other activities are necessitated by large kills. Such connected activities would include butchering, skinning and skin preparation, cooking, drying or preserving, and caching. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><b>Footnotes</b></span></p><div class="separator"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;"><span>[1] Homer's heroes are the preë</span><span>minent examples. Idomeneus' courage is compared to the defiance and pugnacity of the wild boar (</span><i>Sus scrofa</i><span>) at Il. xiii. Odysseus is likewise compared to a boar in Il. xvii and, at the conclusion of that same book only the fury of the wild boar is adequate to describe the defiance of 'the two Ajaxes' as they turn to face the pursuing Trojans. By the time of the Classical and Hellenistic this idea of hunting as a kind of individual determination has been ethicized into the supreme preparation for both warfare and citizenship. Xenophon's </span><i>Cynegeticus </i><span>xviii: "Therefore I charge the young not to despise hunting or any other schooling. For these are the means by which men become good in war and in all things out of which must come excellence in thought and word and deed." Plato, </span><i>Protagoras </i><span>iii.22: "Consequently they (early peoples, rhc) were devoured by wild beasts, since they were in every respect the weaker, and their technical skill, though a sufficient add to their nurture, did not extend to making war on the beasts, for they had not the art of politics, of which the art of war is a part." Hunting is an important preparation for the 'Guardians' in Plato </span><i>Rep</i><span>, viii: " ... not basing his claim to office on ability to speak or anything of that sort but on his exploits in war or preparation for war, and he would be a devotee of gymnastics and hunting."</span></span></div><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;"></span></p><div><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">[2] For Meleager and the Calydonian Boar see <a href="https://mycenaeanatlasproject.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-cry-of-meleagrides.html" target="_blank">this</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">[3] Benedict [2005] 430-431 stresses the structures associated with the drive game system in Bathurst Inlet region, in Canada. Besides drive lines the immediate landscape includes constructed caches (some elaborate), kayak racks, and dwellings. Among the Blackfoot indians of Montana</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"> and southern Alberta province the primary kill method was of Bison in deadfalls. Where drive sites did not end in dead falls there were inevitably corrals. Such falls and traps generated so much meat that there arose the need for a variety of structures such as for quartering of carcasses, crushing bone and extracting marrow, boiling and roasting of meat, as well as meat caching (</span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">Zedeño et al. [2014] 37</span></b><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">). </span></span></div><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;"><span>[4] In the Klissoura cave in northern Argolid deer were represented in every level from the mid-Paleolithic to the Mesolithic. Stiner et al. [2010] 314. Klisoura Cave 1 is fronted by a narrow valley and suggests that it was used as an early game-drive system. As food: Starkovich [2012] 13, " ...</span><span>, previous studies indicate that the archaeofaunas </span><span>at Klissoura Cave 1 are dominated by a single species, fallow deer (<i>Dama dama</i>) ... . </span><span>The taxon comprises 60-91% of species-specific identifications in the Middle Paleolithic, </span><span><span>and 12-78% in the Upper Paleolithic </span><span>and later layers, though there is variation between </span></span><span><span>assemblages, particularly in later periods ... </span><span>" The existence of some 50 clay-covered hearths suggests that meat preparation and cooking may have been done on a large scale. Karkanas et al. [2004] 522 say that t</span></span></span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">he hearths at Klissoura Cave 1 were associated with bones of fallow deer (<i>Dama dama</i>), hare (<i>Lepus europaeus</i>), rock partridge (<i>Alectoris graeca</i>) and Great Bustard (<i>Otis tarda</i>).</span></span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">Elsewhere the Red deer (<i>C. elephas</i>) is represented, e.g. in the Franchthi Cave. Douka et al. [2011] 1143.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">[4a] Benedict [2005] 432, "</span><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">At times during the past, the Copper Inuit or their Thule ancestors </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">established substantial settlements near game-drive sites along caribou </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">migration routes. Facilities for drying and storing large quantities of </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">meat were associated.</span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">"</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">[4b] It may be appropriate to mention here the hypothesis that the cursuses of Britain, Scotland, and Ireland are an early form of game drive system. Fletcher [2011] position 1074 says </span></span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">"I hesitate to suggest that they may ever have served as a means for killing deer ... but similar constructions were later to be used to direct deer." What seems most compelling to me is that at one of them, Woldgate Cursus terminal at Rudgate in Yorkshire, arrowheads were found. The specific spot is here: </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">54.076233° N, 0.320543° W. Woldgate Cursus is reviewed in </span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">McOmish and Tuck [2002] 28 who provide a photograph of the arrowheads.</span></b><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;"> The Woldgate Cursus is also described at this <a href="https://megalithix.wordpress.com/2011/03/12/rudston-a/" target="_blank">website</a> and this <a href="https://megalithix.wordpress.com/2011/03/12/rudston-b/">website</a>. </span></b></span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: normal;">There are a number of fantastical theories about the construction and use of cursuses. These theories are reviewed in Maguire [2015]. </span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><span>[5] Globalkites is <a href="https://www.globalkites.fr/" target="_blank">here</a>; t</span>heir interactive map is <a href="https://www.globalkites.fr/Interactive-map" target="_blank">her</a></span><a href="https://www.globalkites.fr/Interactive-map" style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";" target="_blank">e</a><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;"><span>[6] <b>Nubia</b>: Storemyr [2021]. <b>Tibet</b>: Fox and Dorji [2009]; <b>North America</b>: <b>Colorado</b>: Benedict [1975], Benedict [2005]; Brink [2005]; <b>Canada</b>: </span>O'Shea et al [2013]; <span> <b>Norway</b>: </span>Olsen [2013]; <b>Scotland and England</b>: </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">Watson </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">[1913]; </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin";">Fletcher [2011].</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;"><span>[7] Benedict [2005] 432 quoting Stef</span>á<span>nsson [1921]: "'</span>It seems absurd,' wrote Stefánsson (1921, p. 402), 'that two stones, one on top of the other, reaching an elevation of only a foot, should be feared as much by the caribou as actual persons but that appears to be the fact.'</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">[A] An 'impound' system drives the animals into a corral where the priority is to capture and domesticate them.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin;">[8] Olsen [2013] fig. 14. No page numbers in the online edition. The position is a</span></span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin"; font-size: small;">t roughly this location: 61.853444° N, 8.962183° E</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;"><span><span>[10] </span></span>Watson [1913] 162. The island of Rum is here: </span><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">56.999030 N, 6.329717° W.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">[B} As reported in Watson [1913] 161. Translation is by Fletcher [2011]. The Kindle position is 1427.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">[11] Watson [1913] 164.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">[12] For etymology and definition see Watson [1913] 163: "The Elrick was an enclosure, usually in relatively low ground, into which deer were driven by the 'tinchell'." <i>Tinchell, also </i><i>tainchell, </i>are beaters. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">Also in Fletcher [2011] : "I wish to mention briefly the Scottish equivalent known in Gaelic as an <i>elrick</i>, or sometimes also referred to as <i>elerc</i>, an Old Irish word in origin which refers to the spot at which driven deer might be ambushed in a narrow defile." </span><span style="font-family: "Libre Franklin"; font-size: small;">No page numbers in the online edition where the position is given as 1384.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">[2] Feldman and Sauvage [2010] 133.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">[3] Evenson [2002] "A lone hunter from the light background turns and faces to the right, poising to spear a stag who is running left towards him across the wavy zone-change line (cat. no. 16H43). These central opponents are, in de Jong’s reconstruction, the only figures who strike active poses, the other hunters and dogs moving in processional form across the panels."</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;">[4] Halstead [2002] "The same general observations can be made from this year’s work as were made last year: the material is strikingly more mixed anatomically, taxonomically and taphonomically than the big groups of burnt bone studied in 2000; by far the commonest taxa are pig and sheep; and red deer continue to be the commonest wild animal"</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Libre Franklin; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Bibliography</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span> </span>Achard-Corompt et al. [2013] : ACHARD-COROMPT, Nathalie (ed.) ; RIQUIER, Vincent (ed.). <i>Chasse, culte ou artisanat ? Les fosses « à profil en Y-V-W »: Structures énigmatiques et récurrentes du Néolithique aux âges des Métaux en France et alentour</i>. Dijon: ARTEHIS Éditions, 2013. Online <a href="http://books.openedition.org/artehis/5929" target="_blank">here</a>. ISBN: 9782915544718.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span> </span>Anderson [1985] : Anderson, J.K., <i>Hunting in the Ancient World</i>. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 1985.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Barringer [2002] : Barringer, Judith. <i>The Hunt in Ancient Greece</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Benedict [1975] : The Murray Site: A Late Prehistoric Game Drive System in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. <i>Plains Anthropologist</i> (20(69)), 161-174. 1975. Online <a href="https://archaeologycolorado.org/sites/default/files/Benedict%201975%20Murray%20Site%20Game%20Drive%20System.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Benedict [2005] : Benedict, James B., 'Tundra Game Drives: an Arctic-Alpine Comparison', </span><i style="font-family: helvetica;">Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research</i><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> (37:4) 425-434. 2005. Online </span><a href="https://bioone.org/journalArticle/Download?urlId=10.1657%2F1523-0430%282005%29037%5B0425%3ATGDAAC%5D2.0.CO%3B2" style="font-family: helvetica;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="font-family: helvetica;">.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Betts and van Pelt [2021] : Betts, Alison, W. Paul van Pelt. <i>The Gazelle’s Dream: Game Drives of the Old and New Worlds.</i> Sydney University Press. 2021.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Brink [2005] : Brink, J. W., "Inukshuk: caribou drive lanes on southern Victoria Island, Nunavut, Canada". <i>Arctic Anthropology</i> , 42(1): 1-28. 2005. Online <a href="https://gwern.net/doc/biology/2005-brink.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Broneer [1966] : Broneer, Oscar. "The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology", <i>Hesperia </i>(35:4), 346-362. The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 1966. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147564" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Broneer [1968] : Broneer, Oscar. 'The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth, Addendum', <i>Hesperia </i>(37:1), 25-35, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 1968. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147536" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Buchholtz [1987]: Buchholtz, Curt. <i> Rocky Mountain National Park: a History</i> Published by University Press of Colorado, 1987. ISBN: 9780870811463</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Crassard et al. [2023] : Rémy Crassard,Wael Abu-Azizeh, Olivier Barge, Jacques Élie Brochier, Frank Preusser, Hamida Seba, Abd Errahmane Kiouche, Emmanuelle Régagnon, Juan Antonio Sánchez Priego,Thamer Almalki, Mohammad Tarawneh, 'The oldest plans to scale of humanmade mega-structures'. <i>PLOS ONE,</i> May 17, 2023. Online <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0277927"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0277927" target="_blank">here</a></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Douka et al. [2011] : Douka et al. [2011] : K. Douka with C. Perles, H. Valladas, M. Vanhaeren, R.E.M. Hedges, 'Franchthi Cave revisited: the age of the Aurignacian in south-eastern Europe', Antiquity 85 : 1131–1150. 2011. Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/1129937/Douka_K_Perles_C_Valladas_H_Vanhaeren_M_Hedges_R_E_M_2011_Franchthi_Cave_revisited_the_age_of_the_Aurignacian_in_south_eastern_Europe_Antiquity_85_1131_1150" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Enloe [2003] : Enloe, James G., 'Acquisition and processing of reindeer in the Paris Basin', <i>Zooarchaeological Insights into Magdalenian Lifeways</i>. pp. 23-31. 2003. Online <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/James-Enloe/publication/284306228_Acquisition_and_processing_of_reindeer_in_the_Paris_Basin/links/5dcaea5e92851c818049dd2f/Acquisition-and-processing-of-reindeer-in-the-Paris-Basin.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span> </span>Evenson [2002] : Evenson, Freya. '11. Hunting Scenes in the Frescoes', in Davis, Jack et al., <i>THE PYLOS REGIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT: 12th Season Preliminary Report to the 7th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Olympia on the Results of Museum Study August-October 2002</i>. Online <a href="https://classics.uc.edu/prap/reports/HARP2002.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span> </span>Feldman and Sauvage [2010] : Feldman, Marian H. and Caroline Sauvage. 'Objects of Prestige? Chariots in the Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean and Near East', <i>Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant</i> (20), 67-181 Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 2010. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23789937" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Fletcher [2011] : Fletcher, John (2011). <i>Gardens of Earthly Delight. The History of Deer Parks</i>. Oxbow Books. 2011. Kindle Edition. ASIN : B00BWAZBUG</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Fox and Dorji [2009] : Fox, Joseph L. and Tsechoe Dorji, 'Traditional Hunting of Tibetan Antelope, Its Relation to Antelope Migration, and Its Rapid Transformation in the Western Chang Tang Nature Reserve', <i> Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research</i> , 1-15. May, 2009. Online <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250069734_Traditional_Hunting_of_Tibetan_Antelope_Its_Relation_to_Antelope_Migration_and_Its_Rapid_Transformation_in_the_Western_Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Gregory [1993] : Gregory, Timothy E. <i>Isthmia V; The Hexamilion and the Fortress</i> . American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Princeton, N.J. 1993.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span> </span>Halstead [2002] : Halstead, Paul. '5. Museum Study of Animal Bones', in Davis, Jack et al., <i>THE PYLOS REGIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT: 12th Season Preliminary Report to the 7th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Olympia on the Results of Museum Study August-October 2002</i>. Online <a href="https://classics.uc.edu/prap/reports/HARP2002.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"> Karkanas <i>et al.</i> [2004] : P. Karkanas, M. Koumouzelis, J.K. Kozlowski, V. Sitlivy, K. Sobczyk, F. Berna and S. Weiner. 'The earliest evidence for clay hearths: Aurignacian features in Klisoura Cave 1, southern Greece', <i><b>Antiquity</b></i> (78), pp. 513–525. 2004. Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/2950150/The_earliest_evidence_for_clay_hearths_Aurignacian_features_in_Llisoura_cave_1_southern_Greece">here</a>.</span></b></span></p><span style="color: darkred; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Maguire [2015] : Maguire, Kristyn M., 'Topographical Relationships between Cursus Monuments in the Upper Thames Valley', Thesis submitted for the Master of Science in Applied Landscape Archaeology in the Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, 2015. </span><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;">Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/34065024/Between_the_Lines_A_GIS_Based_Approach_to_Reading_the_Spatial_and_Topographical_Relationships_between_Cursus_Monuments_in_the_Upper_Thames_Valley">here</a>.</span></b><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> McOmish and Tuck [2002] : 'The Woldgate Cursus; Humberside, Survey Report', Archaeological Investigation Series. 2002. Online <a href="https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/8364/THEWOLDGATECURSUSHUMBERSIDE#:~:text=monuments%20in%20the%20British%20Isles.%20The%20Woldgate,within%20an%20intensively%20farmed%20valley%20that%20bisects">here</a>.</span><div><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Morgan [1999] : Morgan, Catherine. <i>Isthmia VIII; The Late Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Age Sanctuary</i>. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Princeton, New Jersey. USA. 1999. ISBN: 0-87661-938-3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Olsen [2013] : Olsen, John. 'Hunting using permanent trapping systems in the northern section of the mountains of Southern Norway: focus on wild reindeer', <i>Chasse, culte ou artisanat ? Les fosses « à profil en Y-V-W »: <i>Structures énigmatiques et récurrentes du Néolithique aux âges des Métaux en France et alentour</i>. Dijon: ARTEHIS Éditions, 2013. Online <a href="http://books.openedition.org/artehis/6682" target="_blank">here</a>. ISBN: 9782915544718.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> O'Shea et al [2013] : O'Shea, John and Ashley K. Lemke and Robert G. Reynolds, 'Nobody Knows the way of the Caribou”: Rangifer hunting at 45&deg; North Latitude', <i>Quaternary International</i> (297), pp. 36-44. 2013. Online <a href="https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/lakehuron-arch-2/wp-content/uploads/sites/1051/2014/03/OShea-et-al-2013-Nobody-Knows-the-way-of-the-Caribou-Rangifer-hunting-at-45-North-Latitude.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Prummel et al. [2011] : Prummel, Wietske and Marcel J.L.Th. Niekus 'Late Mesolithic hunting of a small female aurochs in the valley of the River Tjonger (the Netherlands) in the light of Mesolithic aurochs hunting in NW Europe', <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i> (38:7) 1456-1467. 2011. Online <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440311000483?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Simpson and Hagel [2006] : Simpson, R. Hope and D.K. Hagel. <i>Mycenaean Fortifications, Highways, Dams and Canals</i>. Paul Äströms Förlag. Sweden. 2006. ISBN: 978-917081-212-5.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span> </span>Starkovich [2012] : Starkovich, Britt M., 'Fallow Deer (Dama dama) Hunting During the Late Pleistocene at Klissoura Cave 1 </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(Peloponnese, Greece)', <i>Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte (21)</i>, 11-36. 2012. Online <a href="https://www.academia.edu/4410366/Starkovich_B_M_2012_Fallow_Deer_Dama_dama_Hunting_During_the_Late_Pleistocene_at_Klissoura_Cave_1_Peloponnese_Greece_Mitteilungen_der_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Urgeschichte_21_11_36" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span> </span>Stiner et al. [2010] : Stiner, Mary C. </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Janusz K. Kozlowski, Steven L. Kuhn, Panagiotis Karkanas </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">and Margarita Koumouzelis, 'Klissoura Cave 1 and the Upper Paleolithic of Southern Greece in Cultural and Ecological Contexts', </span><i style="font-family: helvetica;">Eurasian Prehistory</i><span style="font-family: helvetica;">, (7:1) 309–321. 2010. Online </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235767305_Klissoura_Cave_1_and_the_Upper_Paleolithic_of_Southern_Greece_in_Cultural_and_Ecological_Contexts" style="font-family: helvetica;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="font-family: helvetica;">.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Storemyr [2021] : Storemyr, Per. 'The ancient game traps at Gharb Aswan and across Lower Nubia (north-east Africa)', pp. 361-398 in A. Betts & W. P. van Pelt (Eds.), <i>The Gazelle’s Dream: Game Drives of the Old and New Worlds</i>, Sydney University Press. 2021. Online <a href="https://perstoremyr.files.wordpress.com/2022/03/2021_storemyr_game_traps_lower_nubia_gazelles_dream.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Watson [1913] : Watson, William J., 'Aoibhinn an Obair an t-Sealg', <i>The Celtic Review</i> (9:34), 156-168. 1913. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30070293" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Wiseman [1966] : Wiseman, James R., 'A Trans-Isthmian Fortification Wall', <i>Hesperia</i> (32:3) 248-275. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1963. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147077" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b style="color: darkred; font-family: arial; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"> Zedeño et al. [2014] : Zedeño, Maria Nieves with Jesse A. M. Ballenger and John R. Murray. 'Landscape Engineering and Organizational Complexity among Late Prehistoric Bison Hunters of the Northwestern Plains', <i><b>Current Anthropology</b></i>, (55:1), pp. 23-58 . 2014. Online <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/674535">here</a></span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-42043437508814302292023-05-14T12:57:00.002-07:002023-05-17T08:35:24.805-07:00<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: ""; font-size: large; text-align: center;">I 💗</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #cc6600; font-family: ""; font-size: large; text-align: center;"> the French</span></p><div style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #cc6600; font-family: "";"> </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "";">I have to express an un-American thought.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "";">I like the French.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "";">There was a time when I didn’t but, at that time, I only knew Paris and the people of Paris can be, well, tense. There was the high prices thing of course but that was my own fault. If you’re not morally and psychologically prepared to pay 8 euro for a cup of tea then you don’t belong in Paris in the first place. Once I discovered the Paris McDonald’s things ran more smoothly.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "";">The people of France outside Paris are a completely different kettle of fish, if that’s the image I want. And <i>I</i> was to blame for that regrettable incident in Carpentras when I was yelled at by a French hooker. I had innocently wandered into the local Hall of Justice carrying a large tourist-type camera under the impression that it was a visitor’s information office. There were all these well-dressed young ladies standing around waiting to have their legal affairs tended to and it looked like I was pushing to the head of the line. The confusion was soon straightened out but not before one of them shouted at me: '</span><i style="font-family: "";">Mon vieux! Ce n’est pas le Bureau des Informations Touristiques!!</i><span style="font-family: "";">' (</span><span style="font-family: "";">‘Hey Pops, this isn’t the Office of Tourist Affairs!’</span><span style="font-family: "";">) in what I thought was an unfortunately strident manner.</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "";"> </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "";"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "";"><i>Mon vieux</i>, indeed!</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"></div><div style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "";">Aside from that one incident, though, all the people that we met in France were like people you’d meet anywhere in the Mediterranean. They were understanding, polite, helpful, and very hospitable. We might have been in Spain or Greece.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "";">At first I refused to believe it. I told S. that these nice people weren’t French at all. ‘They just can’t be. It’s well-known’, I said, ‘that the French government imports Romanians during the high season to work with tourists.’</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "";">‘Romanians?’ </span><span style="font-family: "";">S. said that she hadn’t heard that. </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "";">‘Well, maybe not Romanians. It could have been Lithuanians. The point is that these people that we’ve been encountering are not really French. The government cannot entrust the multi-billion dollar tourist industry to the French people; there would be too many risks.’</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "";">‘What sorts of risks?’ she asked tentatively.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span face=""line-height:14.25pt">‘Think about it. Everyone knows that the French go on vacation for twelve weeks during the summer. What would happen if the hotel you were staying in just suddenly closed so that the proprietor could go running off to St. Tropez with his</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> girlfriend (<i>sa petite amie, copine</i>)?’ And they strike at the drop of a hat. What if you were stuck on top of the Eiffel tower while the lift operators went on strike (<span style="line-height: 19px;"><i>se mettre en grève</i></span><span style="line-height: 14.25pt;">)? You wo</span><span style="line-height: 14.25pt;">uldn’t like that, would you?’</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 14.25pt;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">‘N..no’, said S., a trifle uncertainly.</span></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in; text-align: left;"><span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;">‘Well then. And you know how bureaucratic they are. Would you like to have to buy a safe-swimming licen</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: times;">se (</span></span></span><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>permis de baignade sécuritaire</i></span><span style="background-color: white;">) </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: ""; font-size: 16px;">every time you wanted to use the hotel pool, and with a three-day wait (</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: times;"><i><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">trois jours d'attente</span></i></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: ""; font-size: 16px;">)? No, of course not. That’s why the government treats the tourist industry like the agriculture industry. They bring in foreign workers.’</span></div><div style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">‘I think you’re crazy’, said S., ‘these people are as French as Brie and Champagne (</span><span style="color: #333333;"><i>Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">)!’</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px;"></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">I shook my head sadly at her naive<span style="font-family: inherit;">t</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #202124;">é</span> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">and our conversation passed on to other topics.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "";">Later, though, I found out the shocking truth.</span><br /><span style="font-family: "";"><br /></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0px auto 20px; text-align: center; width: 640px;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 6px 24px;"><a href="https://squinches.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/f1166-eiffel.jpg" style="color: #5e191a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="https://squinches.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/f1166-eiffel.jpg?w=225&h=400" style="border: none;" width="225" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="padding: 6px 24px;"><span style="font-size: small;">Eiffel Tower seen from the Trocadero. March, 2012.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">We were in Vaison-la-Romaine where we had reservations for three nights. ‘I’ll show you that I’m right’, I said to S. I had purchased a Romanian phrase-book in Arles just the day before.</span></div><div style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">When our hotel door was opened by the landlady I said in m</span><span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: white;">y most polite Romanian, </span><span style="background-color: white;">‘</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="VIiyi" jsaction="mouseup:BR6jm" jsname="jqKxS" lang="ro" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="JLqJ4b ChMk0b" data-language-for-alternatives="ro" data-language-to-translate-into="en" data-phrase-index="0" jsaction="agoMJf:PFBcW;usxOmf:aWLT7;jhKsnd:P7O7bd,F8DmGf;Q4AGo:Gm7gYd,qAKMYb;uFUCPb:pvnm0e,pfE8Hb,PFBcW;f56efd:dJXsye;EnoYf:KNzws,ZJsZZ,JgVSJc;zdMJQc:cCQNKb,ZJsZZ,zchEXc;Ytrrj:JJDvdc;tNR8yc:GeFvjb;oFN6Ye:hij5Wb" jscontroller="Zl5N8" jsdata="uqLsIf;_;$351" jsmodel="SsMkhd" jsname="txFAF" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;"><span jsaction="click:qtZ4nf,GFf3ac,tMZCfe; contextmenu:Nqw7Te,QP7LD; mouseout:Nqw7Te; mouseover:qtZ4nf,c2aHje" jsname="W297wb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Buna!</span></span> <span class="JLqJ4b ChMk0b" data-language-for-alternatives="ro" data-language-to-translate-into="en" data-phrase-index="1" jsaction="agoMJf:PFBcW;usxOmf:aWLT7;jhKsnd:P7O7bd,F8DmGf;Q4AGo:Gm7gYd,qAKMYb;uFUCPb:pvnm0e,pfE8Hb,PFBcW;f56efd:dJXsye;EnoYf:KNzws,ZJsZZ,JgVSJc;zdMJQc:cCQNKb,ZJsZZ,zchEXc;Ytrrj:JJDvdc;tNR8yc:GeFvjb;oFN6Ye:hij5Wb" jscontroller="Zl5N8" jsdata="uqLsIf;_;$352" jsmodel="SsMkhd" jsname="txFAF" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;"><span jsaction="click:qtZ4nf,GFf3ac,tMZCfe; contextmenu:Nqw7Te,QP7LD; mouseout:Nqw7Te; mouseover:qtZ4nf,c2aHje" jsname="W297wb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Suntem turiști din America.</span></span> <span class="JLqJ4b ChMk0b" data-language-for-alternatives="ro" data-language-to-translate-into="en" data-phrase-index="2" jsaction="agoMJf:PFBcW;usxOmf:aWLT7;jhKsnd:P7O7bd,F8DmGf;Q4AGo:Gm7gYd,qAKMYb;uFUCPb:pvnm0e,pfE8Hb,PFBcW;f56efd:dJXsye;EnoYf:KNzws,ZJsZZ,JgVSJc;zdMJQc:cCQNKb,ZJsZZ,zchEXc;Ytrrj:JJDvdc;tNR8yc:GeFvjb;oFN6Ye:hij5Wb" jscontroller="Zl5N8" jsdata="uqLsIf;_;$353" jsmodel="SsMkhd" jsname="txFAF" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; cursor: pointer;"><span jsaction="click:qtZ4nf,GFf3ac,tMZCfe; contextmenu:Nqw7Te,QP7LD; mouseout:Nqw7Te; mouseover:qtZ4nf,c2aHje" jsname="W297wb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;">Avem rezerve.</span></span></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #333333;">(</span><span style="color: #333333;"><i>Hello! We are tourists from America. We have reservations.)</i></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><i><span><br /></span></i><i><span>‘Bonjour’</span></i><span>, she replied slowly with a puzzled air.</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><br /></span><span>‘They have to stay in character’, I whispered to S. ‘They’re sort of like historical re-enactors.’</span></span></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white;">‘I will get my husban</span><span style="background-color: white;">d (<span style="color: black; white-space: pre-wrap;">Je vais chercher mon mari</span>).', sh</span><span style="background-color: white;">e said i</span><span style="background-color: white;">n very good re-enactor French.</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><br /></span><span>Soon our host appeared drying his hands on a dish towel and welcoming us to Vaison-la-Romaine. But it appeared that there had been a mixup. They were expecting us the following week. A check of e-mails followed and he said to his wife ‘<i>Ils ont raison</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(They’re right)’. A flurry of apologies followed. We were assured that we would have the accommodations that we wished but they would be in different rooms from those we had reserved.</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘You have been inconvenienced’, said our host, ‘.. and the reputation of our hotel is paramount; your stay will be on us, free!’</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">Free? This was a saving of more than 300 euro. I was triumphant. It was a perfect example of the Romanian hospitality that I’d been talking about. I couldn’t resist the opportunity to reach out to this foreign gentleman and let him know how much I appreciated his kindness and generosity.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘<i>Multumesc!</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Thank-you)’, I said, with a broad wink to let him know that I was in on the deception.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘What?’ said our host.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘<i>Multumesc</i>,’ which I followed with what I hoped sounded polite, ‘<i>Cum va numiti?</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(What is your name?)’.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px;"></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘I’m sorry, I don’t understand what you’re saying; are you perhaps from .. Romania?’, said the host.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘No’, said the ever-helpful S. to the host, ‘He thinks that <i>you're</i> all Romanians.’</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘Romanians!? Us!?’ shouted our host. He and his wife laughed for five minutes. Wiping the tears from their eyes they made a shocking confession.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘Every year we have to go to the immense trouble of spreading the rumor that all the workers in the French tourist industry are Romanians – ‘</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘Lithuanians’, corrected his wife.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘Lithuanians, Romanians, Pomeranians! It doesn’t matter. We even have to take out ‘help-wanted’ ads in Romanian in the tourist-trade magazines; all phony of course.’</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">I was staggered. ‘But..but, why?’ I managed to say.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘We just can’t let it get out that the French tourist industry is actually staffed and run by the French. If we did that no Americans would ever come to France.’</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘Really’, said his wife, ‘Americans have the most terrible ideas about us. They think that we’re always on strike…’</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘…that we’re too bureaucratic…’, said her husband.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘…and that we’re unfriendly, lazy and always on vacation!’, she continued.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;">‘That’s a scandal’, said S. ‘who would think such a thing?’</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">‘Who indeed?’, I asked </span><span>innocently.</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="color: #333333;">The host was still chuckling. He said to us, ‘Our new American friends; welcome to our hotel. Can I offer you a small brunch of Brie and Champagne (</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: #333333;"><i>Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée</i></span></span><span style="color: #333333;">)?’</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px;"></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;">Postscript to The Honorable Emmanuel Macron<em>,<b> </b></em>President of the Republic of France: </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;">Just kidding,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>mon vieux</i>.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-68433284360497387122023-05-14T12:39:00.004-07:002023-05-15T17:24:42.607-07:00Mavrospelaies, C7724<p> There's a site in the Corinthia called Mavrospelaies (Black Cave, C7724). Now, wherever it was (and we're going to talk about that), a single grave was found nearby. This find was the result of plowing during which the sarcophagus cover was ripped off. Inside three vases were found: an amphora and two aryballoi. [1]</p><p>Let's look at the general area under discussion:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWHouUgpcS2SJAYe_lVdpiT7bBaQPGOMQtWbKH3zjn6D5RVhtde3pfaNr8YmnNUlnSAUlxSNfdMlpdBhHjQJeIvlCuAPU65x_1RVkO-fCXATbdqEFN5ql9QvKnbusACTqoYwl97qpgp7wDJIO6nZseOwAvhx3zIedjaU0oq1Gy5062IrPYpKY361QB2w/s1895/Mav7.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1895" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWHouUgpcS2SJAYe_lVdpiT7bBaQPGOMQtWbKH3zjn6D5RVhtde3pfaNr8YmnNUlnSAUlxSNfdMlpdBhHjQJeIvlCuAPU65x_1RVkO-fCXATbdqEFN5ql9QvKnbusACTqoYwl97qpgp7wDJIO6nZseOwAvhx3zIedjaU0oq1Gy5062IrPYpKY361QB2w/w400-h214/Mav7.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Mavrospilies is not the most important find in the Corinthia but there has been some confusion about its precise location.</p><p>Lawrence herself gave the location as in "the field of Michael Roumeliotis near (east of) Mavrospelaies, about a three minute walk above (i.e., south of) the road which leads west from the Roman Villa". Let's parse this. The Roman Villa is 'Shear's Villa' which is F7371 and is located at 37.908442° N, 22.864786° E. There is a road that continues on west from there. Somewhere on that road we turn S and walk for three minues to M. Roumeliotis' property. It looks something like this:</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRg1K4IFhfQfzMGtnalIYGTcaHItKPVSmihNYHVnGpG4mghku0LMeTg0n0lV4wjN63WqCWLMikdfKVZIWagdFU0-vxEdzexh8e06Yqs02kJaK0bUPHw0e6zORDpjugDOt_ZVkUk4IPc3O7552hDvbW-hywLrkFAQoHIoSwkM62j5xGBNPl8wgLx3WmPg/s1348/Mav2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="692" data-original-width="1348" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRg1K4IFhfQfzMGtnalIYGTcaHItKPVSmihNYHVnGpG4mghku0LMeTg0n0lV4wjN63WqCWLMikdfKVZIWagdFU0-vxEdzexh8e06Yqs02kJaK0bUPHw0e6zORDpjugDOt_ZVkUk4IPc3O7552hDvbW-hywLrkFAQoHIoSwkM62j5xGBNPl8wgLx3WmPg/w640-h328/Mav2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p>Here the yellow line is the road that Lawrence is talking about, anchored on the right (E) by Shear's Villa. We do not yet know where on the yellow line it is that we're supposed to turn S.</p><p><br /></p><p>James Wiseman uses Lawrence as a source. He describes the site as 'not far from Aetopetra' and 'The grave was found in a field belonging to Michalis Roumelites.'[2]</p><p><br /></p><p>The location of the BA settlement (C915) on the ridge of Aetopetra is firmly established at 37.905633° N, 22.838495° E. The ridge itself looked like this recently. [3]</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPFTsMM9FpwKl-likztj3fM-UqY_knG8rO-jcSWNFxze_iNx_0D1F3dch-u4ePSHJkxkQaehJaOnm1cnCiAMjj6KrrKdB9e6zGsIY0LbOjV7UskydMWAJYL78xnQN3_adZHS8gg5fiCsVuG-tyL67jR2oErfe1Zr7LiUOCHZyuFdAvkJhZLHcivhXZ4w/s1070/GoogleEarth_Aetopetra.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="1070" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPFTsMM9FpwKl-likztj3fM-UqY_knG8rO-jcSWNFxze_iNx_0D1F3dch-u4ePSHJkxkQaehJaOnm1cnCiAMjj6KrrKdB9e6zGsIY0LbOjV7UskydMWAJYL78xnQN3_adZHS8gg5fiCsVuG-tyL67jR2oErfe1Zr7LiUOCHZyuFdAvkJhZLHcivhXZ4w/w640-h404/GoogleEarth_Aetopetra.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><br /><p>As photographed by Blegen a century ago: [4]</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Vw9XA2bt-Qf1bY3tfr3y69eLPNfqgt-PKUglNH1R12rWMqnHj_ANwDBo48FJpqgvT-uEYtyIv4VpmIurn82qwbTyJbVhQFSMnYzXqaJsYN1MOKjUFUce8IzTXLN8sVicwW2BzxbDJjJf1hjnrUgJDGuhhpmIm1S8PJN46P589m9a0XmG_22xHMWUEw/s1248/Blegen_Aetopetra.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="1248" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Vw9XA2bt-Qf1bY3tfr3y69eLPNfqgt-PKUglNH1R12rWMqnHj_ANwDBo48FJpqgvT-uEYtyIv4VpmIurn82qwbTyJbVhQFSMnYzXqaJsYN1MOKjUFUce8IzTXLN8sVicwW2BzxbDJjJf1hjnrUgJDGuhhpmIm1S8PJN46P589m9a0XmG_22xHMWUEw/w640-h245/Blegen_Aetopetra.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From Carl Blegen, 'Corinth in Prehistoric Times', 4, fig. 2. 1920.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><p>I am, once again, going to take the opportunity to condemn the lazy practice of identifying a site with a specific landowner. In this respect some archaeologists are worse than others (looking at you, E. Kanta) but it is to be condemned wherever encountered. Goodness knows that I wish Mr. Roumeliotis long life but 59 years after Lawrence's report the land is very likely to belong to someone else whose identity, at this late date, would be very difficult to discover. More than that Mr. Roumeliotis might very well have owned widely separated plots - a common practice and one which, now, would make the site almost impossible to locate. It is remarkable that prehistorians should be so committed to the ephemeral when they, of all people, are aware of the profound changes associated with the passage of time.</p><p>Well, if Mavrospelies is 'near' Aetopetra let's see where Aetopetra is located on a map. In this first map I have related Aetopetra to the road leading W from Shear's Roman Villa.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIhxOFKOBlO_T_xyC3fcB8nw5EQu1Ql_gmOh8spMpbIJeDSxwSStSy8aeecGxjA4dYUyEL04K7rcBCNk9XYZOLo0WCfHc6uxNEUpPsLzq-P8iyWX0YJhjgHmsjuSJ32yDskfIMEAcTwRGIaQwy9iL-C_sUkTEPQ1vWtJHPpmKLV2avLAx3E2Y7nX6qsg/s1348/Mav4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="977" data-original-width="1348" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIhxOFKOBlO_T_xyC3fcB8nw5EQu1Ql_gmOh8spMpbIJeDSxwSStSy8aeecGxjA4dYUyEL04K7rcBCNk9XYZOLo0WCfHc6uxNEUpPsLzq-P8iyWX0YJhjgHmsjuSJ32yDskfIMEAcTwRGIaQwy9iL-C_sUkTEPQ1vWtJHPpmKLV2avLAx3E2Y7nX6qsg/s320/Mav4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>In this second map from Google Earth we are looking approximately SW with the ridge of Aetopetra in the foreground.<div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCeI9QltkxCJt0H_Mi-IM9OWkHsLTH791VhyxtDP4-UBMqrx1lEuDBAcWa0-RoUzURH9J2iCZlzvIUOkLAXSF3voSA6H7qMoxZ7IaeCpUvJiELrlHV-80o2jWkfZRziQ0j3v1lZqwN-iVx8QH6gkzs18FdYnxoRgWoO45x-DvgF9vl-JT-CQCie9xw6g/s1141/Mav3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1141" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCeI9QltkxCJt0H_Mi-IM9OWkHsLTH791VhyxtDP4-UBMqrx1lEuDBAcWa0-RoUzURH9J2iCZlzvIUOkLAXSF3voSA6H7qMoxZ7IaeCpUvJiELrlHV-80o2jWkfZRziQ0j3v1lZqwN-iVx8QH6gkzs18FdYnxoRgWoO45x-DvgF9vl-JT-CQCie9xw6g/s320/Mav3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p>The Aristeia Project (Mazarakis-Ainian [2015], they reference Lawrence's article) describes the site as being between the North Cemetery (C7280) and the Potter's Quarter (F7661). [5] But Mavrospelaies and Aetopetra are far to the W of these two. It looks like this:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEY9uvHi7ASTUUN3C8DlHlzmHs_ZgDJdwaiYHA0fDVCXRN-yzmUHiDuoy6U3EvvOiH9VGRTouW3-v9wQbRjzd7tR282Us3WFRR6XZ2DIR9KGMNk7rWqP_l4rkvnjN6uQCDJNI8pofDUnZ6qX2yJ0e2Z2_gj-fBUlbKOI5ClTm0SPi0sAiIBwi06Pu8HA/s1348/Mav5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="1348" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEY9uvHi7ASTUUN3C8DlHlzmHs_ZgDJdwaiYHA0fDVCXRN-yzmUHiDuoy6U3EvvOiH9VGRTouW3-v9wQbRjzd7tR282Us3WFRR6XZ2DIR9KGMNk7rWqP_l4rkvnjN6uQCDJNI8pofDUnZ6qX2yJ0e2Z2_gj-fBUlbKOI5ClTm0SPi0sAiIBwi06Pu8HA/w640-h300/Mav5.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>Here the Potter's Quarter and the North Cemetery are on the right of the map. Aetopetra Ridge is on the left. The white line which connects these two areas is about 2.7 km. long.</p><p>Morgan gives us the best orientation by describing the site as 'immediately west of ... Aetopetra'. [6] I have followed her lead by choosing a more or less plausible location just to the west of the ridge of Aetopetra (C915) whose location is firmly established. It looks like this:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5MixB6m1Y7fnFhozgDRlwNRrVEtydu4tSNFeauasAo54Q8PPnDK5j92CtE39fzkmX5seam2xAVdR_IPUPRYMffUt3qWeOXb1nmRs4F85WFl0uFnwX38RRVR3ISisPfK0ZV1vdPcmCFk2EZLCfN437VJCcjNFfHgvuLWsytwlsHbzPOOErRpTGcfueAQ/s2132/Mav6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="2132" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5MixB6m1Y7fnFhozgDRlwNRrVEtydu4tSNFeauasAo54Q8PPnDK5j92CtE39fzkmX5seam2xAVdR_IPUPRYMffUt3qWeOXb1nmRs4F85WFl0uFnwX38RRVR3ISisPfK0ZV1vdPcmCFk2EZLCfN437VJCcjNFfHgvuLWsytwlsHbzPOOErRpTGcfueAQ/w640-h304/Mav6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>Here we're looking at the western end of the 'orange' road that goes back to Shear's villa on the east. The purple line extends along a tributary road 3 minutes (260 m) to the S of the orange road. I have marked 'Mavrospilies' at the S end of the purple mark. The blue circle is centered on Mavrospilies and is 100 m in radius. The actual site should be somewhere in that circle.</p><p>I'm still somewhat discomfited by the tendency, on the part of some, to place Mavrospilies somewhere back towards ancient Corinth but, given Morgan's precision, I think that this is the best I can do for the moment.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>Footnotes</b></h3><p>[1] Lawrence [1964] 89.</p><p>[2] Wiseman [1978] 100. ''Not far from Aetópetra and in the ravine of Mavrospeliés ... ''.</p><p>[3] Google Street View. Heavily post-processed by me for clarity.</p><p>[4] Blegen [1920] 4, fig. 2. Heavily post-processed by me for clarity.</p><p>[5] Mazarakis-Ainian [2015]: <span style="font-family: inherit;">'</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #615d5c; font-family: inherit;">Maurospelaies</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">',</span> <a href="http://aristeia.ha.uth.gr/site.php?id=30000045" target="_blank">here</a>. Additionally the Aristeia Project says of Mavrospelaies that 'The grave belongs to a group of 5 graves.' It doesn't. It is a single grave which Lawrence grouped in with four other widely-separated grave complexes.</p><p>[6] Morgan [1999] 470, '9 Mavrospelies'.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>Bibliography</b></h3><p>Blegen [1920] : Blegen, Carl W., 'Corinth in Prehistoric Times', <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> [24:1] pp. 1-13. 1920. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/497547">here</a>.</p><p>Lawrence [1964]: Lawrence, Patricia. ‘Five Grave Groups from the Corinthia’, <i>Hesperia</i> (33:2), pp. 89-107, 'Grave at Mavrospelaies', pg. 89. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/147181?searchText=Five+grave+groups+from+Corinthia&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DFive%2Bgrave%2Bgroups%2Bfrom%2BCorinthia&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A21a5c135243ca7dbe996d11ae853bf82" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><p>Mazarakis-Ainian ed. [2015]: Mazarakis Ainian, Alexander . Η Κοινωνική Αρχαιολογία του Ελληνικού Κόσμου κατά την Πρώιμη Εποχή του Σιδήρου και την Πρώιμη Αρχαϊκή περίοδο (The Aristeia Project: The Social Archeology of the Greek World during the Early Iron Age and the Early Archaic period), 'Maurospelaies', Online <a href="http://aristeia.ha.uth.gr/theproject.php" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><p>Morgan [1999]: Morgan, Catherine.<i> Isthmia VIII; The Late Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Age Sanctuary</i>. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Princeton, New Jersey, 1999.</p><p>Wiseman [1978]: Wiseman, James. <i>The Land of the Ancient Corinthians</i>. Paul Aströms Förlag, Göteborg, Sweden, 1978.</p><p><br /></p></div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-20389807202420238032023-04-14T09:56:00.002-07:002023-04-16T13:59:21.585-07:00Dr. Kelder and the Null Hypothesis<p>There's an old joke about historians which says historians start out by looking backwards and they end up by thinking backwards. </p><p>And yet I've never found this to be true. Most historians carefully lay out the evidence and give a detailed demonstration showing how the data supports some hypothesis. It's true that almost every historical argument is probabilistic in nature (an induction) and, as a result, arguments may be well or poorly supported. Nevertheless, almost all historical reasoning proceeds methodically from data to conclusion.</p><div>A case in point is Dr. Jorrit Kelder of Oxford who maintains the position that the people of Mycenaean Greece lived in a single state. I have called this the Unified Mycenaean State (UMS) hypothesis.[1]</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Kelder’s hypothesis has three parts:</div><div><br /></div><div>A. The Mycenaean civilization was a single and united political unit</div><div>B. This political unit was a monarchy</div><div>C. The central place in this political unit was Mycenae.</div><div><br /></div><div>And that’s it. Three parts, a united monarchy centered in Mycenae.[1]</div><div><br /></div><div>To support this thesis Kelder has piled up a series of barely related observations hoping, I suppose, that if the pile of facts can be made high enough scholars will ultimately be compelled to accept his conclusion. But, logically, this method <i><b>can never succeed</b></i>. This argument can never be made more than a probabilistic one (i.e. <i>cannot</i> be made deductive) and the facts as they stand are very far from supporting his conclusion. Speaking in general, the risk of proceeding in such a way is to expose the advocate to confirmation bias.[2] In order to avoid this it is necessary to proceed in a very different way. That way, in a nutshell, is to form the logical opposite of the desired hypothesis and do one's best to support this null hypothesis. If the null hypothesis can be shown to be probable then, fine, we can reject the original hypothesis and be on our way. If the null hypothesis cannot be supported and is shown to be less probable or even improbable then that supports the original hypothesis (note: it does not <i>prove</i> the original hypothesis). What happens when we try this with Kelder's thesis? Let's find out.</div><div><br /></div><div>We have stated Kelder's actual thesis above; how do we form its opposite? Let's start by expressing the three parts (A, B, and C) of his thesis (H0) in logical notation:</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">H0: A ∧ B ∧ C; where '∧' indicates logical 'AND'.</span></div><div><br /></div><div>It’s easier to negate if we change the AND operators to ORs. This kind of transformation is done all the time in formal logic, circuit design, etc. We do it like this:</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: white;">H0: ~(~A </span>∨<span style="background-color: white;"> ~B </span><span style="background-color: white;">∨ ~C); where '</span>∨' indicates logical 'OR'.</div><div><br /></div><div>This is the exact logical equivalent of H0. Its negation is straight-forward; we simply remove the outer negation sign with its parens. The result looks like this:</div><div><br /></div><div>~H0: ~A ∨ ~B ∨ ~C</div><div><br /></div><div>... or stating it in words:</div><div>~H0: “The Mycenaean civilization was NOT a single and united political unit OR it was NOT a monarchy OR it was NOT centered at Mycenae”</div><div><br /></div><div>This is the negation of the original thesis. If we can make ~H0 fail then that lends support to H0. But if we cannot reject ~H0 then H0 is not supported and, perhaps, even rendered less tenable. </div><div><br /></div><div>Of course, if we look at what we’ve done we notice that some of these clauses are of less worth than the others. The original hypothesis is really overdetermined. </div><div>The idea that Mycenae was a significant political center of some sort is, actually, overwhelmingly probable given what we know about it. And we know that the monarchical form was common enough in the BA so that positing a king for our hypothetical state is not improbable. So that this hypothesis wants to join two ideas which are highly probable to a third idea (that the Mycenaeans lived in one united state) which is highly controversial. No doubt this is to give the UMS hypothesis logical cover.</div><div><br /></div><div>It would be a good idea to examine the UMS hypothesis on its own and separate from the other two. For example, if Mycenaean civilization did NOT form a united state then it hardly matters what the governance of this non-existent state was or where it was headquartered. If the Mycenaean polities were truly independent of each other then it wouldn’t matter whether they were governed by a Sun King or the United Agricultural Worker’s Council of the Argolid, local 38. Nor would it matter if this non-existent state was headquartered at Mycenae or in a rowboat in the Saronic. The gravamen of Kelder’s thesis is that the Mycenaean people were united in a single polity of whatever form and wherever headquartered.</div><div><br /></div><div>I propose, then, that we can restate Kelder’s thesis as simply: The Mycenaean people were united in a single state. H0 now becomes H0’. And this is just</div><div><br /></div><div>H0’: A ; the Mycenaean people were united in one state</div><div><br /></div><div>And the negation is:</div><div><br /></div><div>~H0’: ~A ; the Mycenaean people were NOT united in one state.</div><div><br /></div><div>Now our approach is to support ~H0’. If we can do this then H0 is weakened or even rejected. But if we must reject ~H0' then H0' will be supported and we can go on to discuss style of leadership and location of its headquarters which are really separate questions and for which different types of arguments will be appropriate.</div><div><br /></div><div>What would it take to <b>support </b>~H0’?</div><ol><li>Well, we could suggest that, among the many Mycenaean projects that we can identify, there is no sign that they were dictated by the concerns of the political center. In other words we could say that, while there are some similarities (due primarily to karstic geography), there is no unifying vision.</li><li>We could point to the natural behavior and tendency of equipotent (or nearly equipotent) states to refuse voluntary unification.</li><li>We might point to the likely infeasability of such a project of unification of governance by showing that the landscape involved posed severe geographic obstacles to a program of political/military unification.</li><li>We might show that the different divisions of the Mycenaean world were often at war and that great schemes of defence are everywhere visible.</li><li>We might demonstrate the difficulty of picking any specific Mycenaean statelet as having a clear resource advantage over the others. We would be trying to show that the various statelets were equipotent, or nearly so.</li><li>We could point out that none of the Mycenaean statelets had any clear technological advantage over the others.</li><li>We could say that the historical record suggests that nearly matched states who go to war over unification typically wage those wars over long periods of time, even centuries. It took Rome more than a century to unite itself to the Samnites.</li></ol><div><br /></div><div>If we could show that these things were true then we would have taken a big step towards supporting ~H0’ and thus weakening support for Kelder’s original thesis (H0'). If these things were false then we could reject ~H0' and, consequently, support H0'.</div><div><br /></div><div>Unfortunately, we do not end up supporting H0'.</div><div><br /></div><div>That is because every last one of these proposed criteria are either true or exceedingly probable. In other words, under these criteria, we cannot reject ~H0'.</div><div><br /></div><div>Footnotes</div><div>[1] For my extended critique of Kelder's position see <a href="http://squinchpix.blogspot.com/2014/12/much-have-itravelled-in-realms-of-gold.html" target="_blank">this</a>, <a href="http://squinchpix.blogspot.com/2015/01/the-unified-mycenaean-state-of-dr.html" target="_blank">this</a>, and <a href="http://squinchpix.blogspot.com/2015/01/the-unified-mycenaean-state-of-dr_19.html" target="_blank">this</a>. I do not accept Dr. Kelder's thesis but just to be clear: Kelder is an historian for whom I have a profound respect. He has done a great service to BA studies by maintaining this position on the dominance of Mycenae and he has argued for it as well as anyone could. I may have given the impression in my other writings that Kelder originated this position. That is not the case. In its modern form this hypothesis is at least a century old and has been argued for by <a href="https://squinchpix.blogspot.com/2017/01/my-kingdom-for-horse.html" target="_blank">Desborough</a> among others.</div><div>[2] I'm sure that Kelder has <b>not</b> done this. </div><div>Confirmation bias is not the tendency to 'cherry-pick' the facts. It is the psychological tendency to notice those facts which support some conclusion and not to notice facts that do not. It is a subtle problem because it is almost indistinguishable from ordinary scholarly argumentation. After all, noticing relevant facts is what we do.</div>Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-122769289008611945.post-38706256985890104222023-03-04T09:41:00.165-08:002023-03-08T08:35:25.233-08:00Likhas Kastri and Dion<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">In antiquity the northern part of the island of Euboea was the territory of the Oreiais. Their chief town, Oreos, (known earlier as 'Histiaia' ?) is the modern Kastro (in </span><i style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://www.helladic.info/C1249" target="_blank">Mycenaean Atlas Project</a></i><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> and in </span><a href="https://topostext.org/place/389231UOre" style="font-family: helvetica;" target="_blank"><i>Topostext</i></a><span style="font-family: helvetica;">). [1]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">One of the notable towns in northern Euboea was Dion. <span>In the <i>Catalog of Ships</i> Homer </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(</span><i style="font-family: helvetica;">Iliad</i><span style="font-family: helvetica;">, ii.538) refer</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">s to ' ...</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> the steep citadel of Dios; ... ' [2] It was a significant town in its time, member of the Delian League, for example.[3] And yet, d</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">espite its relative importance, the location of Dion is not now known with anything like certainty. Where do scholars think it was? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Strabo, </span><i style="font-family: helvetica;">Geogr</i><span style="font-family: helvetica;">. [C446] 5 says "In this Oreian territory are Kenaion and, near to it, Dion and Athenai Diades, an Athenian foundation lying above the crossing of the strait to Kynos." [4]</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Hansen and Nielsen describe the alternatives. <u>I have added letters</u> to their paragraph in order to better address their statements:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>"(a) </span>According to Strabo 10.1.5, Dion was situated at Cape Kenaion near Oreos. However, the urban centre has not yet been precisely located. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(b) Following Ulrichs (1863) 237, see supra 647), Geyer (1903) 99 suggested a location at modern Lichas. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(c) Sapouna-Sakellaraki (1994-95), followed by Barr., prefers the hill of Kastri on the western shore of the Kenaion peninsula. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(d) But Homer describes Dion as an αίπύ πτολίεθρον (Hom. Il. 2.538; cf. Nonnus, Dion. 13.161: κραναόν πέδον), and in the Athenian tribute lists the Dians are often specified as Διες από Κεναίο (IGi3 279.1.86). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(e) The presumption is that Dion was situated somewhere on Mt. Kenaion. Lichas would fit, but autopsy (Reber) revealed nothing but remains of the Byzantine period. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(f) An alternative location is Khironisi, whose position fits the information given by Ptol. Geog. 3.15.25 (cf. Reber (2001) 456-60)." [5</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">My comments: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(a) Strabo tells us that Dion was 'near' Cape Kenaion, not 'at' Cape Kenaion and</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"> that Dion and Athenae Diades are both 'near' to the Cape:</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> 'In the territory of this Oreus lies, not only Cenaeum, near Oreus, but also, near Cenaeun, Dium and At<span style="background-color: white;">henae Diades, (ἔστι δ᾽ ἐν τῷ Ὠρεῷ τούτῳ τό τε Κήναιον <b>πλησίον</b> καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸ Δῖον καὶ Ἀθῆναι αἱ Διάδες, ). It is a straight line distance of about 26 km. f</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">rom Oreus to Cape Kenaion so that if Oreus is 'near' Cape Kenaion then any location between them will also be 'near' the Cape.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(b) See (e).</span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(c) As is also preferred by Sackett [1966], Simpson and Dickenson [1979] and Simpson [2018]. 'Barr.' is the <i>Barrington Atlas</i> which does </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">tentatively</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">show Dion by Likhas Kastri. (Map 55, D3). </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The equivalence of Lichas Kastri and Dion was (to the best of my knowledge) first proposed by Papavasileiou in PAE (1912), 140.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Here's what our authors say about Likhas Kastri :</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"The site is about 4 km. west of the village of Likhas on the coast south of Cape Vasilenas. It is visible from the sea on both sides of Cape Kenaion as a low hill about 60 m. above the sea, and about 30 m. by 20 m. in area at the top. On the lower slopes are Classical to Roman, higher up are E.H. to Geometric sherds fairly widely scattered." [6]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"A low hill c. 3 km. W of Likhas on the coast. The top area is only c. 30 m. by 20 m. C and H sherds were found on the lower slopes, EH to G widely scattered on higher slopes. The size and position are said to suggest an important settlement, perhaps to be equated with ancient Dion (Iliad II .538). " [7]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Where, then, is Likhas Kastri? In his <i>summa</i> from 2018 Richard Hope Simpson gives us this description of its location:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"Kastri is a low hill, c. 60 m a.s.l., near the sea, to north of Cape Kenaion and c. 3 km west of Lichas. The flat top of the hill is only c. 30 m by c. 20 m, but the slopes are extensive."[8]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"> I tentatively place Likhas Kastri, the hill indicated by Sackett, Simpson, and Dickenson, at </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small; text-align: center;">38.855831° N, 22.846081° E In Google Earth it looks like this (looking from the SE to the NW):</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6fue8sgE1K4gNeDgh7MmoowEjw70Ms2ucMDZ9ouhwad8YxlNmqZz_3mnYgDmX0vQxBTczOt1w-on-wz_q5cGGgNfv_zBNKZ-X9MPTLoSs2oJKB0MXQfo1iMs_IvkDH-DQgb5zM--Lmm4vI9QFbIbVS6jfGq695XmQvXgYpruu71Y6RXCacPLuVH4fQ/s1367/LK1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1367" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6fue8sgE1K4gNeDgh7MmoowEjw70Ms2ucMDZ9ouhwad8YxlNmqZz_3mnYgDmX0vQxBTczOt1w-on-wz_q5cGGgNfv_zBNKZ-X9MPTLoSs2oJKB0MXQfo1iMs_IvkDH-DQgb5zM--Lmm4vI9QFbIbVS6jfGq695XmQvXgYpruu71Y6RXCacPLuVH4fQ/w493-h365/LK1.jpg" width="493" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Proposed hill for Likhas Kastri.<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">It is not an implausible candidate for the site of Dion as its configuration and the finds of sherds from the Classical Period suggest.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">(d) </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><i>αίπύ πτολίεθρον</i> means 'steep fortress' and </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><i>κραναός πέδον</i> means 'rugged ground'. This may or may not fit the proposed Likhas Kastri location.</span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(e) Mt. Kenaion (the town Lichas sits on its western slopes) is the same as Mt. Lichadas (now, apparently, also called 'Profitis Ilias'). It is about 675 m in elevation and the peak is here: </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">38.860556 N, 22.878864 E. The solutions of <a href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/540734">Pleiades</a> (and <a href="http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/29325.html">D.A.R.E.</a> and <a href="https://www.trismegistos.org/geo/detail.php?quick=58922">Trismegistos</a>) and <a href="https://topostext.org/place/388229PDio">Topostext </a> accept that ancient Dion was located somewhere on the slopes of Mt. Kenaion/Lichadas. The Topostext solution (followed by deGraauw) is actually the location of the ruined Venetian tower (In Mycenaean Atlas Project F7552). I see little justification for the Pleiades solution (also followed by Trismegistos and D.A.R.E.) as it meets only one of the criteria, that of being 'near Cape Kenaion'. In the next picture I show the Topostext and Pleiades solutions. The yellow line is for scale; it is 1 km. in length</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS3ZhASeHn321PEFD5SLDduDhIOcnODL7rjRr4zEJdkZiin_PpPhbDnbTjOrnIDLuJmqtKiOZBSVhqdXo5Z-Vz-RXUcOxMCqY-rrJYD7rriLcn9V65DRCBHujYjTme08k1baasmgEKX5TeWnxm1VgAwaZTaQk1uqvqRwpPkscLde8z1t-IH0BoZ94tzQ/s1832/P&T.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="970" data-original-width="1832" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS3ZhASeHn321PEFD5SLDduDhIOcnODL7rjRr4zEJdkZiin_PpPhbDnbTjOrnIDLuJmqtKiOZBSVhqdXo5Z-Vz-RXUcOxMCqY-rrJYD7rriLcn9V65DRCBHujYjTme08k1baasmgEKX5TeWnxm1VgAwaZTaQk1uqvqRwpPkscLde8z1t-IH0BoZ94tzQ/w400-h211/P&T.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">(f) Khironisi: Hansen/Nielsen seem to slightly prefer this solution. Their reasoning seems to be that this, at least, is a place where there are found remains of a settlement seemingly significant enough to pay the contributions mentioned in the Athenian contribution lists. It appears to have three serviceable harbors right in a row. And although it appears to be a long way from Cape Kenaion it is the same distance from Athenai Dhiadhes to Kenaion as it is from Khironisi (about 13.7 km.). A</span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">nd Strabo says that they are both 'near' to the Cape: (see above). They are certainly well within the territory of Oreus which is about 26 km. distant from the Cape.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Here is a picture of the Khironisi area:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZPD9ZX6TPtY7qpWYJxzAEtyx6172YK0YmeU6AUMS-yD2pqLmBy6FsTEtV_X8uUi2yzMl8HTkHC_nXUtBbkOPyfYfK6qMHVJENT5muGUASRrrTNQ2nFJbjgb9zCkFaqF6qoF7JeW_3lupO23DRBtF8hFwT6Pvn0ZgGcQH-C2YOJ3LRpJJYPWb_dCKGTQ/s893/Khirsonisi.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="893" height="566" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZPD9ZX6TPtY7qpWYJxzAEtyx6172YK0YmeU6AUMS-yD2pqLmBy6FsTEtV_X8uUi2yzMl8HTkHC_nXUtBbkOPyfYfK6qMHVJENT5muGUASRrrTNQ2nFJbjgb9zCkFaqF6qoF7JeW_3lupO23DRBtF8hFwT6Pvn0ZgGcQH-C2YOJ3LRpJJYPWb_dCKGTQ/w640-h566/Khirsonisi.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">... and a close-up of the Khironisi peninsula:</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJS2HFbrbv77mTxkaAlh4gerq8Z2OKcVi6_9RlPcA5ZtxOEERHVeXSYV1ggDR0AZ7pIHNTjclDJCdTD9sa4BMhHos3oQG8hndXk8sdoh-bcxwI1_uRwsnXnfTYQJcrrHtpYNsu1xHFWVLsaLVBCOW1sBwr279YDBDVt02aJQA-yFgKhiTFNK2bM1Gt3A/s1685/KhironisiArea.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="979" data-original-width="1685" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJS2HFbrbv77mTxkaAlh4gerq8Z2OKcVi6_9RlPcA5ZtxOEERHVeXSYV1ggDR0AZ7pIHNTjclDJCdTD9sa4BMhHos3oQG8hndXk8sdoh-bcxwI1_uRwsnXnfTYQJcrrHtpYNsu1xHFWVLsaLVBCOW1sBwr279YDBDVt02aJQA-yFgKhiTFNK2bM1Gt3A/w640-h373/KhironisiArea.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">The area around the Khironisi Peninsula</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The steep hill (about 121 m.) just behind the harbor sounds like the epithet 'rough ground' and also like Homer's 'steep citadel'.</span><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The last alternative for Dion is Simpson [2018] who proposes that Gialtra Kastelli might be a suitable location for Dion.[9]</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> And a final picture to show all the alternatives. The white arrows for the various Dions are labeled using the lettering system from above:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">C : Kastri Likhas</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">E1 : Pleiades, DARE, Trismegistos</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">E2 : Topostext</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">F : Khironisi</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Simpson [2018]</span><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Y_7Si7Xv-jD_qaDzBau_ksXsyGQkyVNnFydEU73EFhNOoQ07jwGJQroZYCA1fUwr6NueM9Rt68HDJoAlwMoUr3aRmU51IV5QfVu9b31dumnmgjzlF-bbcG6-33dOEEASVH3TZ0246kT1oiQgGvI2MdQ_jlDgkoKNGyYD0os-fkyBNGsPPrwvJQXE4g/s1670/Overview1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1670" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Y_7Si7Xv-jD_qaDzBau_ksXsyGQkyVNnFydEU73EFhNOoQ07jwGJQroZYCA1fUwr6NueM9Rt68HDJoAlwMoUr3aRmU51IV5QfVu9b31dumnmgjzlF-bbcG6-33dOEEASVH3TZ0246kT1oiQgGvI2MdQ_jlDgkoKNGyYD0os-fkyBNGsPPrwvJQXE4g/w640-h389/Overview1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">As it is not possible to resolve the question in the Mycenaean Atlas I have left the marker for Dion (C1250) at Likhas Kastri. The next most likely location, in my view, is the Khironisi Peninsula and that because of its several harbors.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Till next time ...</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>Notes</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">[1] </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">The history of naming in this area is in Roller [2018] 579-581. For Cape Kenaion see 581, Section 10.1..5.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[2] </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span face=""New Athena Unicode", Gentium, "Palatino Linotype", "Lucida Grande", Galilee, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif"> ' ... </span><a class="text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=t%27&la=greek&can=t%274&prior=*kh/rinqo/n" style="color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" target="morph">τ᾽</a><span face=""New Athena Unicode", Gentium, "Palatino Linotype", "Lucida Grande", Galilee, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif"> </span><a class="text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=e%29%2Ffalon&la=greek&can=e%29%2Ffalon0&prior=t%27" style="color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" target="morph">ἔφαλον</a><span face=""New Athena Unicode", Gentium, "Palatino Linotype", "Lucida Grande", Galilee, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif"> </span><a class="text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=*di%2Fou&la=greek&can=*di%2Fou0&prior=e)/falon" style="color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" target="morph">Δίου</a><span face=""New Athena Unicode", Gentium, "Palatino Linotype", "Lucida Grande", Galilee, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif"> </span><a class="text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=t%27&la=greek&can=t%275&prior=*di/ou" style="color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" target="morph">τ᾽</a><span face=""New Athena Unicode", Gentium, "Palatino Linotype", "Lucida Grande", Galilee, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif"> </span>αἰπὺ<span face=""New Athena Unicode", Gentium, "Palatino Linotype", "Lucida Grande", Galilee, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif"> </span><a class="text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ptoli%2Feqron&la=greek&can=ptoli%2Feqron0&prior=ai)pu\" style="color: black; text-decoration-line: none;" target="morph">πτολίεθρον</a><span face=""New Athena Unicode", Gentium, "Palatino Linotype", "Lucida Grande", Galilee, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif">, ... '</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">[3] In Lauffer [1999] 195, s.v. 'Dịon'.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">[4] In Roller [2014] 436. Kenaion is Cape Kenaion (F1728). Athenai Diades is, probably, Yialtra Kastelli (C1246) in Sackett et al. [1966] 37, no. 3. And see Roller [2018] 581: "10.1.5. ... Dion and Athenai Diades are in the vicinity of </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">the cape: the former is probably to the north near modern Lichas, and the latter west near Gialtra (Hope Simpson and Lazenby, Catalogue 53). Its name, effectively Dionian Athens, reflects its foundation by the Athenians, at a uncertain date before 477 BC ... ".</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">[5] Hansen and Nielsen [2004] 650, no. 368, 'Dion'.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">[6] Sackett et al. [1966] 37, no. 2. 'Likhas: Kastri'. Also see Plate 9a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">[7] SImpson and Dickenson [1979] 266, 'G 84 Likhas: Kastri'.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">[8] Simpson [2018] 246, '1. Kastri ... '</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">[9] Simpson [2018] 247: 'This could be the site of the Homeric Dion.'</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>Bibliography</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Hankey [1952]: Hankey, V.. ‘Late Helladic Tombs at Khalkis’, <i><b>The Annual of the British School at Athens</b></i>, (47), pp. 49-95. 1952.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"></span></p><div data-en-clipboard="true" data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Hansen and Nielsen [2004] : Hansen, Mogens Herman and Thomas Heine Nielsen', <i><b>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis</b></i>, 'Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. 2004.</span></div><div data-en-clipboard="true" data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div data-en-clipboard="true" data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Lauffer [1999] : Lauffer, Siegfried (ed), <i><b>Griechenland; Lexikon der historischen Stätten; von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart</b></i>, Bechtermünz Verlag. 1999. ISBN 3-8289-4144-3.</span></div><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Phialon [2011]: Phialon, Laetitia.<i> <b>L'Émergence de la Civilisation Mycénienne en Grèce Centrale</b>.</i> Peeters, Leuven - Liege. Belgium. 2011., 'I.3.1.11. La côte nord de l'Eubée', pg. 127.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Roller [2014] : Roller, Duane W., <i><b>The Geography of Strabo</b></i>. Cambridge University Press. 2014.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Roller [2018] : Roller, Duane R., <b><i>A Historical and Topographical Guide to the </i>Geography<i> of Strabo</i></b>, Cambridge, 2018. ISBN: 978-1-107-18065-9</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Sackett et al. [1966] : Sackett, L.H. with V. Sankey, R.J. Howell, T.W. Jacobsen and M.R. Popham, '</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Prehistoric Euboea: Contributions toward a Survey', <i><b>Annual of the British School at Athens</b></i> (61) 33-112. 1966. Online <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30103163" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Simpson and Dickinson [1979] : Simpson, R. Hope and O.T.P.K. Dickinson,<b> <i>A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilisation in the Bronze Age, Vol. I, The Mainland and the Islands</i></b>. Goteborg, Paul Astroms Forlag. 1979. ISBN 91 85058 81 5.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Simpson and Lazenby [1970] : Simpson, R. H. and J. F. Lazenby. </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><b>The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer&apos;s <i>Iliad</i></b>, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 1970.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Simpson [2018] : Simpson, Richard Hope,<b> <i>Mycenaean Greece and the Homeric Tradition</i></b>, published online under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. 2018. Online <a href="https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/24425/Mycenaean-Greece-and-Homeric-Tradition-1533665278._print.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y, 1192">here</a>.</span></p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><br />Robert Consolihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17953937280794805002noreply@blogger.com0